Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology
Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology (RRJoP): is a print and online Journal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Pharmacology. Focus and Scope Covers Clinical Pharmacology Psychopharmacology Molecular Diagnostics Neuropharmacology Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Theoretical Pharmacology Dosology and Pharmacognosy Toxicology Environmental Pharmacology Drug Safety Pharmacotherapy Medicinal chemistry Drug Metabolism Molecular and Cellular pharmacology Endocrine Pharmacology
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A Review: The Global Burden of Breast Cancer
Breast cancer is most common invasive cancer and the second main cause of death in women. In breast cancer the cancerous cells break out from inside the ducts and invade nearby tissue and increasing the chances of spreading the cancer to other body parts. Out of every 100 breast cancer patient, presently 4% are in the age group 20-30, 16% are in 30–40, 28% are in 40–50. Breast cancer has ranked number one cancer with age adjusted rate as high as 25.8 per 100,000 women and mortality 12.7 per 100,000 women. About 90% of breast cancer is due to genetic abnormalities. Most common genes implicated in breast cancer are BRCA1, BRCA2, p53 and CHEK2. Cancer detection in early stage is very important for the treatment. A mammogram is the screening test used to screen breast cancer. Treatments used for breast cancer are radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy and surgery. These treatments cause side effects like loss of appetite, hair loss, weight Gain, early menopause, bleeding, etc. The aim of this review is to find out the possible current mechanism and drug used to treatment of cancer. Now a days the trend is alternative medicine such as plant and animal sources because these paths have less side effect and also inexpensive for cancer treatment. The breast cancer burden in worldwide can be reduced by choosing the alternative medicine or combination of drugs. Keywords: Breast cancer, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, alternative medicine Cite this Article Mamta Kumari, Madan L. Kaushik. A Review: The Global Burden of Breast Cancer. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 7(2): 8–16p.
Ludiflash—A Novel Excipient for Patient Friendly Dosage Form
Consumers want a pleasant-tasting and fast-acting tablet that can be taken anywhere, anytime without the need of water. They want such a tablet that completely disintegrates within moments, with no bitterness or chalky aftertaste. FDTs fast disintegrating tablets are the dosage form which will disintegrate in mouth within seconds without need of water. This type of property in dosage form can be attained by addition of different varieties of excipients. But the number of fillers/binders/disintegrant which can be used for FDT formulations is limited because these bulk excipients have to fulfill special requirements, such as being soluble in water, pleasant taste, mouth feel, sweetness and rapid dispersibility. With Ludiflash, that is exactly what they get. This is one of the novel excipient for fast dissolving drug delivery which disintegrant rapidly within seconds with soft, creamy consistency. It is specially designed for direct compression on standard high speed tablet machine for hard tablet with very low friability. Ludiflash have good flow ability, less water absorption and no segregation of the active ingredients. As a result, it can be easily processed. Ludiflash decreases costs because it acts as All-in-one system (filler, binder and disintegrant), lower storage costs (one material, not three), lower analysis costs, faster product development, faster process validation. It acts as patient friendly because it disintegrates in the mouth within seconds with creamy and smooth mouth feel, neutral to mildly sweet, pleasant taste, and suitable for pharmaceutical medicine and nutritional supplements. Keywords: Ludiflash, Fast dissolving tablet, Novel excipient Blessy Jacob, Lata K Bisht, Vineeth Chandy. Ludiflash—A Novel Excipient for Patient Friendly Dosage Form. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 7(2): 5–7p.
Synthesis of Novel Sugar-Benzimidazole Derivatives
Conversion of some unprotected and unmodified aldoses with o-phenylene diamine to aldo-imidazoles using iodine catalyst in acetic acid solution has been applied, according to a known method. Accordingly some novel derivatives have been synthesized. Characterization of the synthesized products has been performed by M.P., chromatography, IR and mass spectra. Keywords: Sugar-benzimidazole derivatives, IMs, carbohydrate labeling Cite this Article Al-Difar Hussniya A, Basma Younis, Basma Saad Baaiu et al. Synthesis of Novel Sugar-Benzimidazole Derivatives. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 7(2): 1–4p.
Characterization and Evaluation of Different Extracts from the Leaf and Bark of Mussaenda glabrata Hutch.
β-sitosterol (1) was isolated from the crude extract of the leaf of Mussaenda glabrata Hutch. (Family: Rubiaceae). The petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of the leaf and bark were screened in vitro for cytotoxic and antimicrobial activities by brine shrimp lethality bioassay and disc diffusion method, respectively. The petroleum ether and methanol extracts of the bark showed potential cytotoxic activity (LC50: 2.51 µg/ml and 2.94 µg/ml, respectively), the petroleum ether extract of the leaf and chloroform extract of the bark showed moderate cytotoxicity (LC50: 4.56 µg/ml and 6.57 µg/ml, respectively) and mild cytotoxic activity was observed with chloroform and methanol extracts of the leaf of M. glabrata Hutch. (LC50: 12.22 µg/ml and 8.84 µg/ml, respectively) in comparison with the standard Vincristine sulphate (LC50: 0.34 µg/ml). Mild antimicrobial activity was observed from all the crude extracts. Keywords: Mussaenda glabrata Hutch., Rubiaceae, β-sitosterol, cytotoxic activity, antimicrobial activity Cite this Article Rahaman MM, Chowdhury SA, Rumzhum NN. Characterization and Evaluation of Different Extracts from the Leaf and Bark of Mussaenda glabrata Hutch. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 7(1): 5–8p.
Phytochemical and Physico-chemical Standardization of Narayana Taila: Ayurvedic Medicated Oil for Arthritis
Narayana Taila is an important formulation of Ayurveda system of medicine used to treat arthritis (Amavatha). The present study aimed to set quality parameters in physico-chemical, thin layer Chromatography for Narayana Taila, assays for physico-chemical analysis, phytochemical profile. The finding obtained from the study might be used as standard values for Narayana Taila. Keywords: Narayana Taila, Medicated oil, Arthritis Cite this Article Madhumathi Sundararajan, Vasanth Kumar Mohan, Thangamani Pakkirisamy. Phytochemical and Physico-chemical Standardization of Narayana Taila: Ayurvedic Medicated Oil for Arthritis. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 7(1): 19–24p.
Effect of Quercetin against MES and PTZ-Induced Convulsions in Wistar Rats
Besides its anti-oxidative effect, quercetin has shown to exert wide range of pharmacological effects. However, there is no experimental study on antiepileptic potential of quercetin. Hence, in the current study, the possible antiepileptic effect of quercetin has been evaluated against maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and PTZ-induced convulsions. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures are induced by applying current (150 mA, 0.2 s) through corneal electrodes using electroconvulsiometer. Absence seizures were induced by a single dose administration of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ); 50 mg/kg, i.p.). Neurotoxic effects were assessed by measuring locomotor activity and rotarod performance. Both single dose and one week pre-treatment with quercetin (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) did not alter hindlimb extension phase, and flexion/extensor ratio in MES model. However, one week, but not single dose administration of quercetin (25 and 50 mg/kg, i.p.), significantly altered the latency to first myoclonic jerks and onset and duration of tonic generalized extensor and generalized clonic seizures in PTZ model, without producing neurotoxic effects. Thus, it may be concluded that one week treatment, but not single dose pre-treatment with quercetin produced antiepileptic effect selectively against PTZ convulsion in rats. Keywords: Diazepam, MES, pentylenetetrazole, phenytoin, quercetin Cite this Article Neeraj Choudhary, Krishna Reddy V. Bijjem, Ajudhia N. Kalia. Effect of Quercetin against MES and PTZ-Induced Convulsions in Wistar Rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 7(1): 9–13p.
A Review on Amaranthus spinosus Linn Pharmacological Activities
The presents study is brief overview of the morphological, pharmacological activities of Amaranthus spinosus. The plant was reported to possess anti-depressants, analgesic properties, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-ulcer activity etc. Hence, in view of immense medicinal importance of the plant this review is therefore an effort to compile all the information reported on its phytochemical and pharmacological activities. These information will be helpful to create interact towards the plant and may be useful in developing new formulation, which are more effective and have more therapeutic value. Keywords: Anti-Ulcer, chloroquine, vermifuge, triterpenoids, carbon tetrachloride, spermatogenic Cite this Article Shekshavali T, Roshan S. A Review on Amaranthus spinosus Linn Pharmacological Activities. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 7(1): 14–18p.
Preparation and Characterization of Some of Formazan Derivatives
Some formazan derivatives were prepared through reaction of benzaldehyde-phenylhydrazone with selected diazonium salts in alkaline medium in very good yields. The hydrazone were prepared by reaction of phenylhydrazine with benzaldehyde in slightly acidic medium. The structure of the formazan derivatives were fully established by physical and spectral methods. Keywords: Formazan, benzaldehyde phenylhydrazone, diazonium salts, spectroscopy Cite this Article Hussniya A. AlDifar, Mohammad F. Ali, Abdulrahim M. Khlafulla. Preparation and Characterization of Some of Formazan Derivatives. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2017; 7(1): 1–4p.
The Globe’s Healthiest Food with Numerous Medicinal Properties— Solanum tuberosum
Solanum tuberosum, commonly known as potato, belongs to the Solanaceae family. The whole part of potato plant including leaves, tuber, peels and their juice are used in traditional medicine. Several pharmacological activities of potato have been reported, i.e. antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, antiallergy, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, antisepsis, anticonvulsant, fibrinolytic and antiplatelets activity. Potato contains vitamin B6, vitamin C, vitamin B3, pantothenic acid, potassium, manganese, phosphorus, copper, and fibers. The medicinal properties, traditional uses, nutritional value, phytochemical constituents, distribution, dosage, drug interaction, and side effects of potatoes have been discussed in this present review to provide collective data for multipurpose benefits. Keywords: Solanum tuberosum, pharmacological, traditional, phytochemical Cite this Article Usmani A, Mishra A, Badruddeen. The Globe’s Healthiest Food with Numerous Medicinal Properties—Solanum tuberosum. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(3): 1–10p.
Structural Characterization of Flavonoids Using Mass Spectrometry
The objective of this paper is to review the fragmentation pattern of commonly known flavonoids in mass spectrometry (MS) along with brief examples. In the current review, literature search was conducted using Elsevier, Science Direct, Springer Link (Springer), PubMed and Google Scholar. The search included the keywords “flavonoids”, “C-, O-glycoside flavonoids”, “aglycan flavonoids‟‟ cross-referenced with the keywords “characterization”, “elucidation”, ”fragmentation”. Several authors reported that the main fragmentation paths of flavonoids are apparently independent of the actual ionization mode or the types of analyzers applied. The most useful fragmentations of flavonoids, in terms of structural elucidation, were found those that involve breaking the C-ring bonds. These fragmentations give rise to product ions containing the A or B ring and part of the C ring. It was also found that each class of flavonoids and flavonoid glycosides are characterized by specific fragmentation patterns. From the available literature it has been found that the diversity and sensitivity of mass spectrometry is a useful technique for the analysis and structural characterization of different types of flavonoids. Keywords: flavonoids, C-glycoside flavonoids, O-glycoside flavonoids, aglycan flavonoid, characterization, elucidation Cite this Article Hagazy K, Mulata HN. Structural Characterization of Flavonoids Using Mass Spectrometry. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(3): 29–47p.
Evaluation of Chale Neem (Azadirachta Indica) As an Immunomodulator in Elderly Persons: A Single Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Study
Elderly subjects have loss of functionality and dysregulation of immune system. Immunosenescence is associated with deleterious changes, primarily in adaptive immunity and particularly in T cell subset. It includes reduced production of T cells in bone marrow and thymus and diminished function of mature lymphoid tissues. As a result, elderly individuals do not respond to immune challenge and are at increased risk of infection and related complications. Chale Neem (Azadirachta indica bark) is reported to be muhafize fasade akhlat (prevent humoral disturbances) and dafe taffun (anti sepsis) in Unani literature, but it is not scientifically explored so far. The objective of the study is to evaluate the immunomodulator effect of Chale Neem (Azadirachta indica bark) in elderly. A single blind randomized placebo controlled study was conducted at national institute of Unani medicine hospital, Bangalore. 60 immunocompromised elderly persons were selected on the basis of clinical examination and history they were randomly assigned into two groups, 30 in test and 30 in control group. Chale Neem (Azadirachta indica bark) powder was given to test group, 6 gm, orally filled in capsules in the morning and same dose in the evening for two months while control group was given placebo for the same period of time as that of test drug. Response was measured by the assessment of TLC, DLC, ESR and T cell count (CD4 and CD8) before and after treatment. The results were analysed statistically using appropriate tests. Test drug showed significant increase in CD4 count (P<0.05) at 60th day in comparison to baseline, but increase in CD8 count was not statistically significant. TLC remains unchanged in test group and significantly reduced in control group. The findings outlined above indicate immunomodulator activity of Chale Neem (Azadirachta indica bark) and suggests its use in conditions where immune-modulation is required and thus is suggestive of therapeutic usefulness. Keywords: Unani medicine, aging, Chale Neem, immunity, immunosenescence Cite this Article Mohd. Akmal, Zarnigar, Basharat Rashid. Evaluation of Chale Neem (Azadirachta Indica) As an Immunomodulator in Elderly Persons: A Single Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Study. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(3): 48–52p.
Majoon Falasfa: A Boon from Unani Medicine for Elderly
Geriatric medicine or clinical gerontology, as a branch of medical sciences specifically deals with health problems as well as care and treatment of older people. Old age can’t be healed but it can be promoted, prevented and extended which is in fact a basic principle of preventive medicine. There is clear consensus that elderly population comprises a collection of biomedical factors which influence an individual’s physiological state in a way that reduces his or her capacity to withstand environmental stresses. The outcome of this contributes to an increased demand for medical and social care and is associated with increased economic costs. Hence, it has become a matter of increasing urgency to look for ways to maintain and improve the functional abilities of ageing people, to help them cope independently in the community and ultimately, to raise the quality of their lives. Unani medicine counts a number of single and compound drugs like Asgand (Withenia somnifera), Amla (Emblica officinalis), Zanjabeel (Zingiber officinale), Garlic (Allium sativa), Zafraan (Crocus sativa), Kalonji (Nigella sativa), Elva (Aloe barbadensis), Tiryaq Wabai, Majoon Lana, Majoon Falasfa, etc. for the preservation and promotion of health of elderly persons. Some of the drugs studied in recent years demonstrate promising effect. Majoon Falasfa, a polyherbal sugar based semisolid preparation of Unani system of medicine, is one with beneficial effects in neurological, digestive, urinary and various chronic and debilitating disorders, especially in geriatric population and has such a reputation that it has been called as Madaat-ul Hayat, i.e., elixir of life. This paper is an attempt to highlight the role of this ancient compound formulation in geriatric population. Keywords: Geriatric medicine, elderly, Unani medicine, majoon falasfa Cite this Article Basharat Rashid, Malik Itrat, Zoheb Alam Khan et al. Majoon Falasfa: A Boon from Unani Medicine for Elderly. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(3): 24–28p.
“Progenâ€ Herbo-Mineral Formulation Modulates Spermatogenesis in Experimentally Induced Infertile Rats
The present study was designed to evaluate the fertility potential of Ayurvedic proprietary medicine ‘progen’—a herbo-mineral formulation—in experimental rats. A total of 24 male wistar rats were rendered infertile by administration of tetracycline (22.5 mg/kg p.o) and restraining stress (2 h a day) for 7 weeks. At the end of 7th week, six animals were sacrificed. Blood serum was analysed for triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone. Epididymal semen was examined for sperm count, %motility and %viability. Testes were dissected out and anti-oxidant as well as histopathological studies were performed. The results obtained showed chronic abnormalities in sperm parameters, serum hormonal level, antioxidant profile, and histopathology in untreated infertile rats when compared with normal control rats which confirmed successful induction of infertility. Infertile rats were further divided into three groups (six rats in each) and treated with progen 45 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg as well as Clomifene Citrate 2.5 mg/kg for 4 weeks in continuation with tetracycline and restraining stress. At the end of 11th week, all the animals were sacrificed and analysed for various parameters mentioned above. Treatment with progen at the dose of 45 mg/kg and 90 mg/kg showed significant (p<0.0001) dose-dependent improvement in sperm parameters, serum hormonal level, anti-oxidant profile as well as significant (p<0.0001) decrease in elevated fasting blood glucose level (BGL) and TG level when compared with untreated infertile control rats. Histopathological studies showed normal architecture of testis. It was concluded that progen—herbo-mineral formulation—exhibits significant potential to revert chronic male infertility which can be attributed to the various phytochemical constituents present in it. However, further study is required to establish its exact mechanism of action and responsible phytoconstituents. Keywords: “Progen” formulation, tetracycline, restraining stress, male infertility Cite this Article Khatib NA, Barve SS, Patil SM et al. “Progen” Herbo-Mineral Formulation Modulates Spermatogenesis in Experimentally Induced Infertile Rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(3): 11–23p.
‘Betazen’ Herbal Formulation, Ameliorates Experimentally Induced Metabolic Disturbances in Insulin Resistant Rats
The present study was designed to evaluate anti-diabetic activity of ayurvedic formulation ‘Betazen’ in experimentally induced insulin resistant rats. Wistar rats were being rendered insulin resistant by administration of dexamethasone (2 μg/day s.c), along with high fat-high sugar (HFHS) diet (i.e. vanaspati ghee and fructose enriched) for 42 days. Animals with fasting blood glucose levels (BGL) of more than 150 mg/dl were selected, divided into different groups and administered 2.7 mg/kg pioglitazone, 45 mg/kg, and 90 mg/kg betazen herbal formulation (BHF) respectively, suspended in 1% CMC for 30 days p.o. At the end of the study, animals were sacrificed; blood was collected and used for estimation of various biochemical parameters and HbA1c. Whereas, glycogen content in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle, glucose uptake in hemi-diaphragm and antioxidant biomarkers in liver were also estimated. Pancreas were subjected for histopathological studies. The results obtained from the present study exhibited a significant dose dependent decrease in elevated fasting BGL, lipids (TC, TG, HDL, LDL and VLDL), HbA1c and MDA levels. Further, there was a significant (p<0.001) increase in glycogen content, glucose uptake, HDL, and antioxidant biomarkers viz.; GSH, SOD and CAT. These experimental results highlighted the antioxidant, anti-glycation and anti-hyperglycemic potential of BHF on insulin resistance. It further exhibited an improvement in dyslipidemia, insulin sensitivity, and glycogen content. Hence, BHF could be a promising future herbal treatment for insulin resistance type-2 diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Insulin resistance, dexamethasone, high fat-high sugar, betazen Cite this Article Khatib Nayeem A, Caiado Ira CS, Patil Srinivas M et al. ‘Betazen’ Herbal Formulation, Ameliorates Experimentally Induced Metabolic Disturbances in Insulin Resistant Rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(2): 13–23p.
A Review about the Cancer of the Uterine Cervix
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Cervical cancer is the neoplasm of the uterine cervix cells. Incidences of cervical cancer are increasing in the current scenario. Most of the cervical cancers are of carcinoma type and there are also rare cases of non-carcinoma cancers. Human papilloma virus infection is considered to be the major cause for the disease, which occurs because of improper sanitation and riskier sexual habits. The disease condition is mostly by passed without any symptoms in the beginning and signs occur during the later stages of the disease. Pap smear testing is helpful in identifying the disease cells even in the precancerous stages. The condition is managed with treatment measures like chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical therapy. HPV vaccines like gardasil and cervarix are currently available for the prevention of HPV infection. Keywords: Cervical cancer, human papilloma virus, gardasil, cervarix Cite this Article Nisha Shri C, Vineeth Chandy, Shafiya Farheen F et al. A Review about the Cancer of the Uterine Cervix. 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Bullet 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Number 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Closing" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Signature" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="List Continue 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Message Header" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Salutation" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Date" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text First Indent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Note Heading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Body Text Indent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Block Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Hyperlink" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="FollowedHyperlink" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Document Map" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Plain Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="E-mail Signature" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Top of Form" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Bottom of Form" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal (Web)" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Acronym" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Address" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Cite" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Code" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Definition" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Keyboard" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Preformatted" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Sample" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Typewriter" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="HTML Variable" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Normal Table" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="annotation subject" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="No List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Outline List 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Simple 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Classic 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Colorful 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Columns 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Grid 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 7" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table List 8" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table 3D effects 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Contemporary" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Elegant" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Professional" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Subtle 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Web 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Balloon Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Table Theme" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4" /> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" 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An Amazing Herb with Extraordinary Payback: Camellia sinensis
Camellia sinensis, commonly known as green tea, belongs to theaceae family. Herbal remedies are often perceived as being natural, therefore safe, but actually they are not free from adverse effects. Adverse effects of herbal medicine may be due to factors such as adulteration, substitution, contamination, misidentification, lack of standardization, incorrect preparation and dosage and inappropriate labeling. The major constituents of green tea are epicatechin (EC), epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Traditionally the plant is used to control bleeding disorders, heal wounds, aid digestion, improve heart and mental health, regulate body temperature, act as stimulant, diuretic, astringent, maintain blood sugar, reduce risk of heart disease and stroke, help to reduce obesity, positive impact on bone density and protect against cavities and gum diseases. It possess various pharmacological activities such as anticancer, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antibacterial, neuroprotective, weight management, hepatoprotective, antispasmodic, dental caries, cardiovascular diseases, cerebral hemorrhage, anti-aging, antiasthmatic, enhance bone health and immune function. This review will be helpful for developing interest among young researchers to formulate new dosage form of C. sinensis for therapeutic uses of different ailments. Keywords: Camellia sinensis, theaceae, constituents, pharmacological activities, traditional uses Cite this Article Afreen Usmani, Anuradha Mishra, Mohd Mujahid et al. An Amazing Herb with Extraordinary Payback: Camellia sinensis. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(2): 1–12p.
Derivatization of Chiral Compounds with Chiral Reagents and Separation their Isomers by HPLC System
Chiral compounds such as alanine amino acid and s-aminethylated L-cystiene derivatized with chiral reagents such as Marfey's reagents, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-b-D-glucopyranosylisothiocyanate (GITC) and 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzoyl-b-D-glucopyranosylisothiocyanate (BGIT), were achieved and separated by optimizing good methods using high performance liquid chromatography. Keywords: Derivatization, amino acid, chiral reagent, HPLC Cite this Article Khlafulla Abdulrahim M, Maga Rajab A, Elmessmary Mohamad F. Derivatization of Chiral Compounds with Chiral Reagents and Separation their Isomers by HPLC System. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(2): 39–43p.
Evaluation of the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Normoglycemic and STZ-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats
The term diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple aetiologies and is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. The current approaches for treatment of diabetes are mostly dependent on insulin and other oral standard drugs, which have their own drawbacks. Thus, micronutrients supplementation is gaining momentum as the quest for management of diabetes continues. Certain micronutrients increase insulin synthesis, secretion and insulin sensitivity thereby improving glycemic control and dyslipidemia. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of oral vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profile in normoglycemic and STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats. Measurements of biochemical parameters such as intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test, fasting blood glucose level, and serum lipid profile (HDL-c, LDL-c, TC, and TG) were carried out. Glucometer was used to analyze the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and interventional (daily) blood glucose levels over time course. At the end of the experiment, Cobasintegra 400 plus was used to analyze the blood glucose levels and lipid profile. The data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and paired sample students T-test statistical methods. Diabetic rats treated with 400 IU/kg vitamin D had low blood glucose levels (P<0.001 at 6 h vs. day 30) compared with the initial blood glucose level, over time course; and had low blood glucose levels (P<0.001 in all measurement hours vs. day 30) compared with diabetic control group. Diabetic rats treated with 400 IU/kg vitamin D had significant differences of lipid profile (P<0.05 vs. HDL-c, and P<0.01 vs. LDL-c, TG and TC) compared with the control group. This study showed that vitamin D supplement had hypoglycemic effects in normoglycemic rats, but had no effect on their lipid profile. The supplement had pronounced effect in improving glycemic control and dyslipidemia of the diabetic rats. The results from this study can be applied to identify the effect of zinc supplementation in normoglycemic and type-2 diabetics. Besides, this study is significant to know for how much time vitamin D prolongs the action of insulin over time course, thereby to maintain glycemic control and lipid profile in T2DM. Keywords: Vitamin D, T2DM, insulin sensitivity, IPGTT, fasting blood glucose level, serum lipid profile Cite this Article Gidey Gebremeskel, Daniel Seifu. Evaluation of the Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Lipid Profile in Normoglycemic and STZ-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(2): 24–34p.
Friendly and Efficient Synthesis of Chalcone Derivatives under Solvent-Free Condition
A series of various chalcone derivatives were synthesized using solvent free technique by grinding different substituted benzaldehyde, acetophenone and NaOH pellets at room temperature, and same reactions were carried out under solvent condition (50% EtOH). The reaction time needed to synthesize desired chalcones was 15–45 min; and 13 h stirring in the presence of solvent. All compounds were identified by comparison of their melting points with that of the substrates; the new compounds (IIIe–IIIh) were identified by spectroscopic methods. Keywords: Benzaldehyde, acetophenone, grinding, solvent-free, room temperature reaction, ethanol Cite this Article Ali Mohamad F and Abdulrahim M Khlafulla. Friendly and Efficient Synthesis of Chalcone Derivatives under Solvent-Free Condition. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(1): 17–24p.
Desferrioxamine-induced Ototoxicity (SNHL) in β-Thalassaemia
Thalassaemia is a hereditary disorder requiring regular blood transfusion. The repeated transfusion results in an iron overload state with succeeding complications. Iron chelation therapy with desferrioxamine removes excess iron and its prolonged usage causes ototoxicity. This is a rare disease observed in the ENT (OP) Department, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences (RIMS) [a 750 bedded tertiary teaching hospital], Kadapa, AP, India. A 12-year-old female patient was presented with complains of hearing loss (left ear) starting two months ago, associated with itching. On past medication history, he was a known thalassaemia patient since seven years and on regular medication with desferrioxamine (500 mg). The diagnosis was confirmed by Rinne test, Weber test and Air Bone Conduction (ABC) test. So it was confirmed that desferrioxamine induced ototoxicity and was reported as an adverse drug reaction (ADR). Based upon the Naranjo’s scale, the assessment was found to be as probable ADR (Causality assessment score equal to +7). The patients with β-Thalassaemia receiving chelating agent need to be followed up for regular audiological monitoring to detect any early changes in the hearing. Both the clinical pharmacist and the audiologist play a critical role in the process of ototoxic monitoring. Keywords: β-Thalassaemia, desferrioxamine, ototoxicity, chelating agent, hearing loss Cite this Article Varaprasad CP, Kumar NS, Thyag A, et al. Desferrioxamine-induced Ototoxicity (SNHL) in β-Thalassaemia. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(1): 10–12p.
Critical Analysis of Look Alike and Sound Alike Branded Drug Names in Clinical Practice
Look Alike and Sound Alike (LASA) drugs or confusing drug names are among the most common reasons for medication errors worldwide and the potential for confusion is significant because of presence of numerous drugs in the market. The purpose of this article is to analyze those LASA brand drug pair which could result in potential medication errors, if interchanged and also to suggest possible methods of reducing errors due to LASA. The recent issues of drug formularies such as Current Index of Medical Specialities (CIMS), Drug Today, RefRx, Indian Drug Review and others were used as source of data and all the potentially confusing brand drug names were analyzed and categorized into various groups. A total of 304 LASA brand drug pair names with different generic drug composition were analyzed. Most of the LASA brand drug pair started from alphabet “A”, and were antimicrobial agents. Keywords: Look Alike and Sound Alike (LASA) drugs, brand names, Levenshtein distance (LD) Cite this Article Nagabushan H, Priyadarshini B. Critical Analysis of Look Alike and Sound Alike Branded Drug Names in Clinical Practice. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology (RRJoP). 2016; 6(1): 4–9p.
Glibenclamide Induced Linear Immunoglobulin: A Dermatosis (LAD)
Linear immunoglobulin A dermatitis is a rare autoimmune sub epidermal blistering disorder characterised by continuous deposition of IgA in the basement membrane zone. The disease may be drug related (glibenclamide) or non-drug related (Haematological, rheumatological). This is a rare disease observed in dermatology (IP) department, RIMS, Kadapa. A 50 years old female patient presented lesions on the trunk and purpuric eruptions since 2 months along with oral ulceration and itching. She is a known diabetic since 10 years, and on regular medication with (T. metformin 500 mg+T. glibenclamide 5 mg) etc. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology and direct immunofluorescence. So it was confirmed that glibenclamide induced LAD and was reported as an ADR. Based up on the Naranjo’s scale, the assessment was found to be as definite ADR (≥9). The exact pathogenesis of drug induced LAD remains obscure. Further studies are needed to find the mechanism of glibenclamide inducing LAD. Keywords: LAD, dermatosis, autoimmune disease Cite this Article Nrithya Kumar S, Pandu Varaprasad C, Anakha Thyag et al. Glibenclamide Induced Linear Immunoglobulin: A Dermatosis (LAD). Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(1): 1–3p.
A Chronological Review on Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Antimicrobial Sutures
Incidence of various infections is increasing with increased number of surgeries. Widespread common surgery procedures are associated with a 1–11% risk of surgical site infections (SSIs) which occur when pathogenic organisms proliferate in surgical wounds, result in impede wound healing, cause separation of the wound edges (dehiscence), and increase the risk of abscess in deeper wound tissues. Surgical site infection increases morbidity and mortality of postoperative patients and require prolonged antibiotic as it may progress from local to systemic infection. Moreover, surgical site infections are commonly associated with prolonged hospital stays, re-admission and higher healthcare cost. Commonly used sutures can house microorganisms and be a source of adherence and colonization. Hence, sutures coated with antimicrobial agents were introduced to prevent microbial adherence and colonization of suture materials and still under development. In this review we will have a brief history of the evaluation studies conducted for efficacy of conventional sutures to antibacterial sutures. Keywords: Surgical site infection, antimicrobial sutures, surgical sutures, antibacterial sutures Cite this Article Probin Kumar Roy, Lalhlenmwia H, Rajat Subhra Dutta, et al. A Chronological Review on Preclinical and Clinical Evaluation of Antimicrobial Sutures. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Pharmacology. 2016; 6(1): 13–16p.
Impact of Amiloride-Hydrochlorthiazide Diuretic Against the Pathway of Uric Acid – VLDL and Peroxynitrite in Essential Hypertension
Thiazides induce metabolic derangement in terms of hyperlipidemia, glucose intolerance, hyperuricemia and electrolytes imbalance. Co-amiloride-hydrochlorthiazide therapy favorably corrects the hypokalemia that is induced by thiazides alone. This study was aimed to identify the interactions between serum uric acid, very-low-density-lipoprotein (VLDL) and peroxynitrite in essential hypertensive patients using amiloride-hydrochlorthiazide as antihypertensive therapy. A total number of fifty patients (12 males and 38 females) with a history of hypertension were admitted in the study. The patients were equally grouped to hypertensive patients treated with mono-therapeutic antihypertensive (Group I) agent other than amiloride-hydrochlorthiazide and hypertensive patients treated with mono-therapeutic antihypertensive: amiloride-hydrochlorthiazide (5/50 mg). Fasting peripheral venous blood was obtained for determination of fasting serum glucose, uric acid, lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol-cholesterol (HDL-c) and serum peroxynitrite. There were non-significant differences in characteristics, anthropometric and blood pressure measurements between groups. The metabolic profile and serum peroxynitrite were higher in Group II compared with corresponding Group I and reached significant level (p <0.01) with serum uric acid (5.41±1.0 mg/dL versus 4.7±0.64 mg/dL respectively). Significant correlation between serum uric acid and VLDL-cholesterol (VLDL-c) was observed in Group I (r=0.612, p <0.01) and Group II (r=0.0.547, p <0.01). Amiloride-hydrochlorthiazide as antihypertensive agent induces unfavorable metabolic derangement in hypertensive patients and may affect the health of patients. Keywords: Amiloride-hydrochlorthiazide, metabolic derangement, hypertension Cite this Article Ansam Naji Al-Hasani, Omeed Jaleel Daloe. Impact of Amiloride-Hydrochlorthiazide Diuretic against The Pathway of Uric Acid VLDL and Peroxynitrite in Essential Hypertension. Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology. 2015; 5(3): 6–11p.
Comparative Aphrodisiac Activity of Formulated Tablet of Bombax Ceiba Linn. Extract with Sildenafil Citrate Tablet in Male Mice
The present work deals with pharmacological studies of formulated tablet of Bombax ceiba Linn root extract comparing with marketed one. An aphrodisiac activity by mating behavior test model was investigated. The dissolved tablet slurry (400 mg/kg body wt./day) was administered orally by gavages for 28 days. Mount latency (ML), intromission latency (IL), ejaculation latency (EL), mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), ejaculation frequency (EF) and post-ejaculatory interval (PEI) are the parameters observed before and during the sexual behavior study at day 0, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The formulated tablet reduced significantly ML, IL, EL and PEI (p<0.05). The formulated tablet also increased significantly MF, IF and EF (p<0.05) as compared to the marketed formulation (Sildenafil Citrate-100 gm). These effects were observed in sexually active and inactive male mice. Bombax ceiba roots extract tablet (400 mg/kg body wt.) has comparative aphrodisiac activity with that of marketed formulation (Sildenafil citrate-100 mg) in inactive mice. Keywords: Bombax ceiba, aphrodisiac, formulated tablet, sexual behavior study Cite this Article Pallavi D Rai, Sharada L Deore, Irfan A Farooqui et al. Comparative aphrodisiac activity of formulated tablet of bombax ceiba linn. extract with sildenafil citrate tablet in male mice. Research & Reviews: Journal of Pharmacology. 2015; 5(3): 19–26p.