Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology & Virology
Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology (RRJoMV) is a print and eJournal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers in all areas of Microbiology and Virology, The Journal intends to publish recent advancements in the field of Microbiology and Virology. Focus and Scope Covers Medical & Pharmaceutical Microbiology Microbial Cytology Microbial Physiology Microbial Genetics Systems Microbiology Industrial Microbiology Food & Dairy Microbiology Agricultural & Plant Microbiology Viral pathogenesis & Antiviral agents Environmental & Aquatic Microbiology Microbial Biotechnology Water Microbiology Medical & Pharmaceutical Microbiology Applied Microbiology Microbial Ecology Bioremediation Nano-microbiology Virology and Viral Therapy Anti-Microbial Agents
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Mineralization of Phenanthrene by Paenibacillus sp. PRNK-6: Effect of Synthetic Surfactants on its Mineralization
Paenibacillus sp. PRNK-6 isolated from a soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was able to utilize 69.48% of phenanthrene (320 mg l-1) in 48 h. The effect of three synthetic surfactants namely, the nonionic surfactant Tween-80, the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and the cationic surfactant cetyltrymethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) on the phenanthrene mineralization by Paenibacillus sp. PRNK-6 was studied. Results showed that the effect of each surfactant on phenanthrene mineralization by PRNK-6 and serve as growth substrate varied considerably. Tween-80, at the concentration of 1.5%, enhanced the growth and mineralization of phenanthrene from 69.48% to 90%; whereas SDS and CTAB, have a negative effect on the growth and mineralization of phenanthrene by Paenibacillus sp. PRNK-6. Keywords: Phenanthrene, Mineralization, Paenibacillus sp. PRNK-6, Synthetic surfactants Cite this Article Pooja V. Reddy, T.B. Karegoudar, Anand S. Nayak. Mineralization of Phenanthrene by Paenibacillus sp. PRNK-6: Effect of Synthetic Surfactants on its Mineralization. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(3): 1–7p.
A Study for the Presence of Enterococcal Virulence Factors Gelatinase, Haemolysin among Clinical Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital
Enterococcus, considered a normal commensal of intestinal tract, is fast emerging pathogen causing serious infection. Despite the increasing importance of Enterococcus as opportunistic pathogens, their virulence factors are still poorly understood. The potential virulence factors of Enterococci include production of enterococcal surface protein (Esp), gelatinase, and haemolysin. Gelatinase- and haemolysin-producing strains of Enterococcus faecalis have been shown to be virulent in animal models of enterococcal infections. This study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of virulence factors (gelatinase and haemolysin), phenotypically and correlation between virulence factors with respect to different clinical specimens. Keywords: Enterococcus, gelatinase, haemolysin Cite this Article Mishra RK, Saraf G, Patidar V et al. A Study for the Presence of Enterococcal Virulence Factors Gelatinase, Haemolysin among Clinical Isolates in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(3): 14–18p.
Incidence of Community acquired MRSA in the nasal swabs of general population of Gulbarga region
Background: Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has emerged as a major pathogen in both community and hospital settings. Nasal carriage of S. aureus represents a major risk factor for the development of infection with this bacterium. Objective: The aim was to study community acquired MRSA incidence among nasal swabs of general population of Gulbarga. Methods: Nasal swabs from anterior nares were collected for the isolation of S. aureus from 224 individuals including Microbiology Department students and general population of Kusnoor village in Gulbarga region, Karnataka. The nasal swabs were enriched in nutrient broth for enrichment of S. aureus then streaked on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. Conventional methods such as growth characteristics on mannitol salt agar, Gram’s staining, and biochemical characteristics have been performed for characterization of the S. aureus. Antibiotic sensitivity test was carried out for the isolated S. aureus using different antibiotics. Results: A total of 224 nasal swabs were screened and the incidence of S. aureus was observed to be 41.96% (94/224). Of the total 94 S. aureus isolates, 1 (1.06%) isolate was found to be MRSA and 93(98.93%) isolates were MSSA. A total of 3 (3.22%) S. aureus isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant (MDR) in this study. Conclusion: Our results suggest that general populations are at risk and are potential carriers of S. aureus and in particular MRSA. Keywords: Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), anterior nares, S. aureus, communityacquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) Cite this Article Sagar M. Arali, Vivek Kulkarni, Subhashchandra M. Gaddad et al. Incidence of Community acquired MRSA in the nasal swabs of general population of Gulbarga region. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(3): 8–13p.
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi at Owena Market, Osun State, Nigeria
Environmental conditions and human activities influence the ubiquity and diversity of microorganisms in the atmosphere thereby acquiring the ability to resist antibiotics which poses serious public threat. Airborne bacteria and fungi isolated using settling plate method from three different points (where kolanuts, meat and onions are sold) at Owena Market, Osun state, Nigeria were assayed for antimicrobial susceptibility using disc diffusion. The microorganisms were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus megaterium, Alcaligenes spp., Aeromonas spp., Escherichia coli, Micrococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Mortierella polycephala, Epicoccum nigrum, Alternaria spp., Penicillium chrysogenum, Aspergillus flavus, Acremonium spp., Penicillium oxalicum, Cladosporium cladosporiodes, Rhizopus stolonifer, Stemphylium spp., and Trichoderma spp. About 30% of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibacterial agents (antibiotics) and all the bacterial isolates were resistant to at least four or more antibiotics while 18% and 64% of the fungi isolated were susceptible to griseofulvin and ketoconazole, respectively. This study shows that the market environment serves as reservoirs for multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria and fungi capable of causing infectious diseases. Keywords: Airborne microbes, air monitoring, diversity, human activities, multidrug resistance Cite this Article Oginni GF, Oloketuyi SF, Chukwu RO et al. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi at Owena Market, Osun State, Nigeria. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(2): 12–16p.
Studies on the Chemical and Microbiological Safety of Raw Materials Used in Selected Baking Industries in Bangladesh
The study was designed to determine the quality of raw materials of baking products in a surveillance system. The monitoring system of different raw materials used in selected biscuit factories was investigated periodically. The average value of wheat flour moisture, gluten and acidity was 11.36, 11.21, and 0.10% respectively during their surveillance period. In case of soya-flour, the moisture, fat and protein it was 3.30, 18.30 and 37.85% respectively. Again the value of vegetable fat free fatty acid, acid value, peroxide value and melting point was 0.07±0.002%, 0.15±0.009 %, 42±0.12 % and 36.10±0.420C respectively. Microbiological quality monitoring of water indicated that total viable count and total fungal count were 8.80±1.95 and 07.00±1.81 cfu/g respectively, which is acceptable for industries uses. In all cases, the microbial load of the water and other chemical parameters of raw materials were shown in acceptable limits at each round interval except some little variations. Keywords: Baking industry, quality control, soya-flour, vegetable fats, microbial load Cite this Article Obidul Huq AK, Md. Abu Zubair, Jasmin Ara Farhana et al. Studies on the Chemical and Microbiological Safety of Raw Materials Used in Selected Baking Industries in Bangladesh. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(2): 20–25p.
Changes in Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Quality Parameters of Green and Black Tea during Storage
The shelf life of different packaged tea is very important concern of tea industry. The aluminium packaging is better than any other packaging to determine best before use. Thus different times are applicable for both green and black tea to keep their physicochemical, biochemical and microbiological parameters. The rate decrease of quality parameters (according to FSSAI regulation) are higher in Green tea (sharp changes started from 3 rd months) than Black tea (gradual changes) in control packs but well protected till 12months with aluminium and silica packs. Majority of Black Tea quality parameters are well protected upto 15th month in silica and aluminium, but on an average the stability is upto 14 th month, whereas in control (without silica) packs it is well upto around 11 months on an average, so Black tea is best before use 14th month. After that remarkable reduction in antioxidant and antimicrobial properties are decreased. Tannin contents are also decreased. For green tea taking all the parameters concerned (including antioxidant and antimicrobial potential) 12 months (on average) is threshold point for best before use with aluminium and silica, whereas the control packs are stable upto 7 to 8 months (on average).In both the cases the aluminium and silica is best packaging material to keep nutritional parameters intact. Keywords: Storage, shelf life, Green Tea, Black Tea, Aluminium-silica Gargi Saha, Sudeshna Shyam Choudhury, Biswajit Bera et al. Changes in Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Quality Parameters of Green and Black Tea during Storage. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(2): 26–31p.
Phenotypic detection of ESBL production in Escherichia coli isolated from UTI patients of Kalaburagi city, Karnataka, India
Aim: The principle aim of present conducted study was phenotypic detection of extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) production in Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infected patients of Kalaburagi city, Karnataka, India. Materials and Methods: The positive E. coli isolates selected for the following study was isolated from urine sample of UTI patients. The screening of positive E. coli was done and antibiotic susceptibility test and MIC were determined as per CLSI guidelines. Phenotypic detection of ESBL production in E. coli isolates was determined by combination disk method and double disc synergy test. The positive ESBL production was determined based on the zone of inhibition by comparing with standard CLSI guidelines. Results: Among 285 E. coli isolates, 268 (94.03%) isolates were multidrug resistant. Among 268 MDR E. coli isolates, 247(92.16 %) isolates were resistant to cephalosporins. Every 247 cephalosporin resistant E. coli isolates have shown high level of MIC range of ≤256 µg/ml. Among 247 E. coli isolates, 187 (75.70%) isolates were positive for ESBL production. Among 187 positive ESBL, 67 (35.8%) were cefetoxime-mediated ESBL producers, 78 (41.71%) E. coli isolates were ceftazidime-mediated ESBL producers and subsequently 52 (27.8%) were ceftriaxone-mediated ESBL producers. Conclusion: The outcome of the present study, increased incidence of ESBL producing E. coli causes UTI, in hospitals and the E. coli isolates were MDR and responsible for ESBL production against majority of cephalosporin group of antibiotics, preferentially used for the treatment of gram negative bacterial infections. Keywords: E. coli, ESBL, UTI, MDR, MIC Cite this Article Siddarth Surwonse, Rahul Narasanna, Kelmani Chandrakanth R et al. Phenotypic Detection of ESBL Production in Escherichia coli Isolated from UTI Patients of Kalaburagi City, Karnataka, India. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(2): 1–6p.
Effect of a Binary Amino Acid Chromium Complex on the Carbon Metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3558
In the present study, the difference in the growth rate of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain NCIM 3558 in the presence of simple binary amino acid chromium complex glutamine chromium is analysed. It is observed for the first time that on complexation of an L-amino acid with trivalent chromium leads to a substantial increase in the rate of utilization of the carbon skeleton of an amino acid viz-a viz the free amino acid which has far reaching consequences regarding glucose metabolism in higher forms of life. The various aspects are discussed in detail. Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glutamine chromium complex, carbon source Cite this Article Karthikeyan KS, Sivarama Sastry K. Effect of a Binary Amino Acid Chromium Complex on the Carbon Metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3558. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(2): 17–19p.
Application of Probiotic Diet on Rats and its Effect on Lipid Profile: A Case-control Study
Lipid profile and cholesterol level play an important role in cardiovascular and other life style diseases. A case-control study was designed on 16 rats to observe the effects of probiotic diet for controlling lipid and cholesterol level. Probiotic bacteria culture (Danisco freeze drying culture) was collected from Denmark. The isolation and identification of the strains was carried out at Industrial Food Microbiology laboratory, Institute of Food science and Technology of BCSIR, Dhaka. In cases group, eight rats were fed high fat diet for 7 days and then collected blood sample for lipid profile analysis. Probiotic diet was fed from day 8 to another 7 days and at day 15, again collected blood sample. In control group, another eight rats were fed normal laboratory diet and after 15 days, collected blood sample. Comparing the effects of probiotic diet the cases rats of probiotic diet group curtly reduced the LDL, TC, TG and increased the HDL. Lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria’s presence in probiotic diets probably is responsible for decrease the total cholesterol up to 92 mg/dl, triglycerides up to 21 mg/dl, LDL up to 15 mg/dl and increased HDL up to 60 mg/dl. On the other hand, fat diet and control diet does not have any significant changes their lipid profile. Thus, it can be postulated that probiotic diet can be a healthy diet for rats or even human beings. Keywords: Probiotic, lipid profile, serum cholesterol lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria Cite this Article Obidul Huq AK, Formuzul Haque KM, Ayesha Begum et al. Application of Probiotic Diet on Rats and its Effect on Lipid Profile: A Case-control Study. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(2): 7–11p.
Analysis for Respiratory Transmittable Diseases via Mass Spectrometry
Microbial identification in clinical diagnostic laboratories has mainly relied on conventional phenotypic and gene sequencing identification techniques. The development of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) devices has revolutionized the repetitive identification of microorganisms in clinical microbiology laboratories by introducing an easy, rapid, high throughput, low-cost, and effective identification technique. This technology has been modified to the restraint of clinical diagnostic laboratories and has likely to replace or complement conventional identification techniques for both bacterial and fungal strains. In recent advances of MALDI-TOF-MS as the laboratory diagnostic tool for the rapid laboratory diagnosis of microorganisms associated with respiratory infectious diseases, with the focus on rapid identiï¬cation of pathogenic bacteria and molecular markers discovery using MALDI-TOF-MS. With the advanced technologies such as MALDI-TOF, early and targeted therapies are based on rapid identification of pathogens and could lead to quick and effective treatment of respiratory infections and better patient management. Keywords: Respiratory infectious diseases, rapid laboratory diagnosis, pathogenic bacteria Cite this Article Kriti Gupta. Analysis for Respiratory Transmittable Diseases via Mass Spectrometry. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(1): 26–30p.
Biochemical Characterization of Mutant Strains and Cloning of Lactate Dehydrogenase Gene from Staphylococcus aureus
An infection is the detrimental colonization of a host organism by a foreign species. About 15 million (>25%) of 57 million annual deaths worldwide are estimated to be related directly to infectious diseases. The burden of morbidity (ill health) and mortality associated with infectious diseases falls most heavily on people in developing countries and particularly on infants and children diseases. Infectious diseases are the second leading cause of death; the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years worldwide; and the third leading cause of death in the United States. Among infectious diseases which are causing death worldwide, acute lower respiratory tract infections (24%), HIV/ acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (23%), diarrheal diseases (17%), tuberculosis (9%), and malaria (12%) are predominant. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, bacteria, pneumonia, diarrhea Cite this Article Singhal V. Biochemical Characterization of Mutant Strains and Cloning of Lactate Dehydrogenase Gene from Staphylococcus aureus. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(1): 15–25p.
Bacteriological and Yeast Profile in Clinical Samples from Immunocompromised Persons (Especially in HIV and Cancer Patients) and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern
Abstract Immunocompromised host describes a patient who is on increased risk to acquire infection due to congenital or acquired abnormality of the immune system. In the past few decades, the population of immunocompromised hosts has expanded enormously, due to the increased use of immunosuppressive conditions like HIV, cancer, etc. This study was planned to know the spectrum of organisms and trend of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in immunocompromised patients. All hospitalized patients of Maharao Bhim Singh (MBS) Hospital, JK Lone Hospital and New Medical College Hospital, Government Medical College, Kota, Rajasthan, undergoing anticancer therapy, radiotherapy or recently diagnosed cancer patients and HIV patients attending anti-retroviral therapy (ART) centre for highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) are included. From 100 patients, 130 specimens were collected under strict aseptic precautions. Then specimens were transported to the microbiology laboratory. It was observed that immunocompromised patients with opportunistic infection were more common in males and in 25–50 year age group. Among gram-positive bacteria, Vancomycin, Linezolid, Amikacin and Azithromycin were most effective (100% Sensitive) drugs. Among gram-negative bacteria, Imipenem was found most effective antibiotic followed by Azithromycin, Levofloxacin and Piperacillin/Tazobactam. Among Candida species, Amphotericin B was found most effective antifungal among immunocompromised patients. Maximum numbers of samples were collected from age group 26–50 years (63 samples, 48.46%). Among 130 samples, 113 samples (86.92%) showed positive result in culture (yeast, GPC, GNB) and microscopy (MTB). Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) was detected only in HIV positive patients; that is 53.24%. The yeast was predominant isolate among immunocompromised patients, which may be due to prolonged use of antibiotics and prolonged stay in hospital. Keywords: Immunocompromised, nosocomial infection, HIV, cancer Cite this Article Hari Nandan Meena, Chand Anita E, Harshad Singh Naruka, et al. Bacteriological and Yeast Profile in Clinical Samples from Immunocompromised Persons (Especially in HIV and Cancer Patients) and Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(1): 1–8p.
Yoga Practice for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review
Yoga is an ancient art or science, beneficial for the development of body, mind and spirit. Diabetes represents a spectrum of metabolic disorders, which has become a major health challenge worldwide. Various ancient books mentioned the usefulness of Yoga in the prevention and management of certain diseases. Now, it has become the subject of modern scientific evaluation of this ancient evidence. The present study was planned to review the published research articles for the effectiveness of yoga based therapy for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Various research journals were referred to gather the updated information regarding effect of Yoga on diabetes. Yoga practice has a beneficial effect in patients of type 2 DM in terms of reducing the blood sugar levels and insulin resistance and increasing the sensitivity to insulin. Yoga also has a positive effect on lipid profile, management of weight and blood pressure in type 2 DM. This review work confirmed the useful role of yoga in the control of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Asana, Diabetes mellitus, NIDDM, pranayama Cite this Article Shashikant Prajapati, Gauravi Vyas, Gaurang Vyas. Yoga Practice for the Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(1): 31–35p.
A Cross-Sectional Study on Prevalence and Seasonal Trends of Malaria and Dengue and Their Co-infection in Patients with Acute Febrile Illness Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jhalawar, Rajasthan
Unknown etiologies behind acute febrile illnesses make treatment choices tough for clinicians resulting high mortality rates amongst the vulnerable populations. Vector borne diseases viz. malaria and dengue are the major stake holders responsible for AFI. Determination of their individual as well as concurrent prevalence is important for disease control. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and seasonality of malaria and dengue and their co infection in acute undifferentiated febrile patients. The study was performed on samples of patients presenting with fever of less than 15 days duration at the department of microbiology, Jhalawar Medical College, Rajasthan during January–December 2016. The samples were tested for malaria (Peripheral Blood film examination using Giemsa staining and Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC) examination) and dengue (MAC ELISA). The study included 1059 patients (age 1–85 years) with acute febrile illness, and prescribe for malaria investigations. 58 (5.48%) patients were diagnosed positive for malaria. Of these, 27.58% (16/58) were positive for P. vivax, 70.68% (41/58) had P falciparum infection while one patient was having mixed infection with P falciparum and P vivax. Of 493 patients tested for Dengue IgM antibodies, 60.24% (299) were positive and two patients were equivocal. It was concluded that dengue and malaria are common etiological agents responsible for acute febrile illness in patients particularly in the monsoon and post monsoon season in our region. With the use of appropriate diagnostic methods, the exact disease burden can be estimated and timely management of the patients can be ensured. Keywords: Malaria, dengue, co-infection Cite this Article Yogendra Kumar Tiwari, Dileep Kumar Sharma, Vasudev Patidar. A Cross-Sectional Study on Prevalence and Seasonal Trends of Malaria and Dengue and Their Co-infection in Patients with Acute Febrile Illness Attending a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jhalawar, Rajasthan. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2017; 7(1): 9–14p.
Diagnostic Methods for Hepatitis-C Virus and Tuberculosis Coinfection among HIV Infected Individuals: A Review
HIV is the chronic viral infection documented worldwide. HIV virus infects and destroys helper T cells (CD4) leading to a number of immunological deficiencies among which Hepatitis-C Virus (HCV) and Tuberculosis (TB) are the major. HCV is a RNA virus that infects the liver leading to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and is a leading cause of deaths in HIV/HCV co-infected patients. Tuberculosis, the most common opportunistic infection in HIV positive patients, affects mainly lungs and is transmitted exogenously. HIV and HCV have similar routes of transmission via blood and blood products, sexual contact, IV drug users and vertical transmission. Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted through aerosol exposure as well as transplacentally. About 30% of HIV-positive individuals are co-infected with HCV worldwide. The sample for HCV detection can be blood and that for tuberculosis, can be both blood and sputum. The diagnosis of HCV in HIV patients can be done by ELISA and kit methods. Similarly diagnosis of tuberculosis can be done by AFB staining, fluorescence microscopy, by culturing in Lowenstein Jensen media, ELISA test as well as by Mantoux test. Since HCV and tuberculosis are the major co-infections among HIV infected individuals, there requires the accurate, specific and rapid tests that can be carried out in routine laboratory procedures. Keywords: HIV, HCV, tuberculosis, ELISA, AFB stain, Mantoux test Cite this Article Urusha Maharjan, Sabina Rana Bhujel, Srijana Sapkota et al. Diagnostic Methods for Hepatitis-C Virus and Tuberculosis Co-Infection among HIV Infected Individuals: A Review. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2016; 6(3): 38–41p.
A Need of a Novel Antimicrobial Suture for Surgical Site Infection
Surgical site infections post-surgery are the major complications that lead to the patient’s longer hospitalization which directly increases treatment cost. Triclosan is an antibacterial agent which has been used in coating surgical sutures to prevent infection post-surgery. Triclosan is being used since many years in many consumer products; the bacterial strains which are emerging these days may slow down or get resistance of their effects which might lead to the serious consequences in the future. Some studies suggest that since triclosan is an antiseptic agent, there is no chance for microbes to get resistance against it. But several studies strongly recommend that since this agent has been used since long times there might be some bacterial strain which can get resistance. In this paper, we will try to give the views of different authors working on antibacterial sutures and come up to a conclusion whether we really are in need of a promising suture (antibacterial) for surgical site infection which could reduce infection after surgery. In this article, our main objective is to study whether a novel antimicrobial agent is required to prevent surgical site infection post operation. Keywords: Surgical site infection, triclosan, antibacterial sutures, bacterial resistance Cite this Article Probinkr Roy, Pratap Kalita, Pougang Golmei, Iswar Hazarika, H. Lalhlenmawia1, Rajat Subhra Dutta. A Need of a Novel Antimicrobial Suture for Surgical Site Infection. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2016; 6(3): 1–4p.
Assessment of Microbial Quality of Irrigated Cabbage with Wastewater in Laelay Maychew and Tahtay Maychew Woreda’s of Aksum, Tigrai, North Ethiopia
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Wastewater can be defined as water that has been badly affected in quality by anthropogenic effect and the possible origin can be from domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface run off or storm water and from drain inflow or infiltration. Quality of water and other food can be checked by the presence of Coliform bacteria because these bacteria are the predominant indicators. The purpose of this study was to determine the microbial quality of irrigated cabbage with wastewater in Laelay Maychew and Tahtay Maychaw woredas of Aksum by checking the Coliform bacteria’s load as the farmers use wastewater for irrigation to cultivate different vegetables. A total of four samples were taken randomly using glass bottle and 11.05x108cfu/m/ of coli form was isolated using MacConkey Agar. Samples were directly transported to Aksum university department of biology laboratory and processed within five hours. Eosin, methylene blue agar Levine (EMB), MacConkey Agar was used for the detection of the samples. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the data. 100% of the irrigated cabbage were positive for coliform bacteria. Typically, the non-lactose fermenter gram negative coliform bacteria such as Citrobacter and Hafnia. Both were appeared as colorless on MacConkey Agar. A total of 9.7x 106cfu/ml coliform bacteria form two samples that were collected from Laelay Maychew woreda Sofho Keble and 10.77x107cfu/ml from two samples of Tahtay Maychew woreda Ade’eko kebele. A minimum of 2.8x105cfu/ml and maximum of 6.2 x 106cfu/ml coliform bacteria were recorded. The study has confirmed high bacterial load on the irrigated cabbage, so it needs further investigation for specific microbial identification and water treatment should be applied. Keywords: E.coli, coliform, wastewater, cabbage, Tahtay Machew, Laelay Machew Cite this Article Kebede, Haftom, Fikru, Eyerusalem, Kebede Haile et al. Assessment of Microbial Quality of Irrigated Cabbage with Wastewater in Laelay Maychew and Tahtay Maychew Woreda’s of Aksum, Tigrai, North Ethiopia. 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Inhibition of Replication of Adenovirus by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON)
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning /> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents /> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps /> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math" /> <m:brkBin m:val="before" /> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--" /> <m:smallFrac m:val="off" /> <m:dispDef /> <m:lMargin m:val="0" /> <m:rMargin m:val="0" /> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup" /> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440" /> <m:intLim m:val="subSup" /> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr" /> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> The antibiotic known as 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON) inhibits the growth of several types of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. DON has also been demonstrated to inhibit the replication of poliovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, mumps, and herpes simplex virus in cultured eukaryotic cells. DON is an analogue of glutamine and inhibits the synthesis of glycoproteins and purine nucleotides in cells that are treated with the antibiotic. DON inhibits the aminotransferase enzyme that uses the amino group of glutamine to construct the precursor molecules of nucleotides and to convert fructose-6-phosphate into glucosamine for glycoprotein synthesis. DON does not inhibit the enzyme activity of Buffalo green monkey kidney (BGMK) cells at concentrations as high as 2,500 µg/ml. At a concentration of 5 µg/ml, DON inhibits the replication of adenovirus in BGMK cells by 71.7% and at a concentration of 10 µg/ml, DON inhibits the replication of adenovirus by 92%. Addition of excess glutamine and nucleosides partially reverses the inhibition of adenovirus replication by DON while the addition of excess glucosamine has no effect on the inhibition of virus replication by DON. These results suggest that DON inhibits the replication of adenovirus by inhibiting the metabolism of glutamine and nucleosides during adenovirus replication but not glycoprotein synthesis. Keywords: 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), adenovirus, Buffalo Green Monkey Kidney (BGMK) cells Cite this Article Goldstein G, Harden JL. Inhibition of Replication of Adenovirus by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON). 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Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Characterization of Green and Black Tea during Storage in Different Packaging Materials
The storage of tea is an important endeavor for tea industry. The appealing characteristics of this beverage are its aroma, taste, color as well as its antioxidant and antimicrobial qualities. The different manufacturing strategies for black and green tea affect the shelf life of different types of commercially available tea varieties. Different types of packaging alter the quality parameters of different tea clones. The quality parameters are assessed according to the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) parameters. Green tea is superior with respect to physico- chemical, biochemical, microbiological parameters at the fresh/unstored condition than black tea but it is found that the rate of change in physicochemical properties such as ash content, moisture content, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein are much higher (% reduction is higher) than that of the black tea samples. The biochemical quality parameters (flavonoid, caffeine, amino acid, antioxidant potentials, theaflavin, thearubigin, total catechins, total tannins etc.), and microbiological parameters (antimicrobial activities—growth inhibition in solid and liquid medium, growth of microorganisms in aqueous solutions of different tea) are also reduced in higher percentage in green tea. It is pertinent to mention here that the aluminum packaging with silica desiccants renders better protection against storage-related deterioration of tea quality parameters. Keywords: Physicochemical, green and black tea, quality parameters, shelf life, packaging Cite this Article Saha G, Choudhury SS. Physicochemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Characterization of Green and Black Tea during Storage in Different Packaging Materials. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2016; 6(3): 5–30p.
Study of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteriological Profile in Patients Presenting with Ear Discharge and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Aerobic Isolates
Ear discharge is a major health problem in both, developed and developing countries. This study was undertaken to determine the pattern of the different etiological aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in patients presenting with ear discharge and clinically diagnosed as CSOM and ASOM and also to know the antibiogram of aerobic bacteria in Kota Rajasthan. A prospective study was carried out in department of microbiology, MBS Hospital, Kota, among 100 patients attending the ENT OPD over a period of 12 months. Informed consent was obtained from the patients for this study and microbiological analysis was done. Ear swabs were taken from 100 patients. Total 108 swabs were collected as some patients presented with bilateral ear discharge, the total number of bacterial isolates were 109 as some swabs showed polymicrobial growth and six cases were sterile. Gram-negative bacteria were the dominant isolates (69.20%) while gram-positive bacteria were 32 (30.76%). The most common isolate overall among both the CSOM and ASOM was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42.20%), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (27.52%), Proteus spp. (10.09%), Klebsiella spp. (6.42%), Escherichia coli (4.58%), Acinetobacter spp. (2.75%), Enterococcus spp. (1.83%), CONS (1.83%), Anaerobic gram-negative bacilli (1.83%) and anaerobic Gram-positive cocci (0.91%). Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed high-level resistance to antimicrobials. Least resistance was found for Amikacin, Ceftazidime, Imipenem, and Piperacillin/Tazobactam among gram-negative organisms and hence could be used for empirical therapy. Vancomycin (100%), Linezolid (100%) and Clindamycin (70%) were found to be most sensitive drugs for gram-positive organisms. Keywords: CSOM, ASOM, aerobic, anaerobic, antimicrobial susceptibility Cite this Article Rashmi Sharma, Chand Anita E, Naruka HS, Dinesh Verma. Study of Aerobic and Anaerobic Bacteriological Profile in Patients Presenting with Ear Discharge and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Aerobic Isolates. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2016; 6(2): 23–30p.
Diagnosis of Dengue by NS1 Detection: Comparison of Rapid Immunochromatography versus ELISA Kits
Dengue is an acute infectious disease of viral etiology. It is probably one of the most important arthropod borne viral disease in terms of human morbidity and mortality. The spectrum of disease ranges from self-limited dengue fever to more severe forms of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). So, to reduce mortality and morbidity early and accurate diagnosis of dengue is essential. Study assessed comparison of currently available rapid test for NS1, IgG, and IgM combo kit and conventional dengue Ag ELISA test (CTK Biotech) ELISA kit. The performance of rapid kit RICT (Dengue Day 1 Test; J. Mitra) is quite satisfactory as sensitivity of test as compared to ELISA test was 94.44%. Regarding specificity, with reference to dengue Ag ELISA test (CTK Biotech), the specificity of RICT (Dengue Day 1 test; J. Mitra) was 71.43%. The use of combination kit helps to detect additional cases of dengue, which are negative for NS1 antigen but positive for IgM and/or IgG antibodies, thus facilitating early diagnosis in remote areas and small laboratories. Keywords: Dengue, NS1, ELISA, immunochromatography Cite this Article Gaurav Saraf, Vasudev Patidar, Asha Sharma, Pushpa Mehta. Diagnosis of Dengue by NS1 Detection: Comparison of Rapid Immunochromatography versus ELISA Kits. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2016; 6(2): 18–22p.
Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram Pattern in Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Kota Region (Raj)
Lower respiratory tract infections are the most frequent infections among patients. The consequences on increased drug resistance are far reaching, since bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract is a major cause of death from infections disease. This study was focused on obtaining a comprehensive insight into the microbial profile, its prevalence and the antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates in lower respiratory tract infections. Sputum specimens were collected from 1800 patients of all the age and sex groups with symptoms of LRTIs. Following culture, the isolated organisms were identified and antimicrobial sensitivity was performed by standard methods. Out of the 1800 sputum culture samples, significant pathogens were isolated in 546 sputum samples. Male (n=380) were found to be more at risk to LRTIs then females (n=166). LRTIs were found more prevalent in 60 years or older age groups. K. pneumoniae (25.30%) was the commonest pathogen isolated, followed by Pseudomonas aeroginosa (21.80%), Staphylococcus aureus (20.14%), Streptococcus pyogenes (9.90%), E. coli (8.24%), Candida albicans (7.90%), Acinetobacter species (4.39%), Citrobacter species (1.46%), Enterobacter species (0.54%) and Proteus species (0.33%). Gram positive organisms showed 90–100% susceptibility to Vancomycin, Levofloxacin, Amikacin and Linezolid; while majority of gram negative organisms had high susceptibility to piperacillin tazobactam, imipenam, cefoperazone/sulbactum, amikacin, and ceftazidimie/tazobactam. The emergence of resistant strains poses a major threat to the patients, globally. The reason for the resistance may be due to indiscriminate use and abuse of drugs, adulteration of drugs and mutation of microorganisms. Before starting empirical antibiotics on patients with moderate to severe lower respiratory tract infections, it is always advisable to obtain sputum for culture and antibiotic sensitivity test. So, inappropriate and irrational drug usage can be avoided. Keywords: Lower respiratory tract infection, sputum sample Cite this Article Dinesh Verma, Pappu Kumar, Naveen Saxena, et al. Bacteriological Profile and Antibiogram Pattern in Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in Kota Region (Raj). Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2016; 6(2): 13–17p.
Differential Susceptibility of Bacteriophage and Viruses to Reactive Oxygen Species
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T2 bacteriophage, encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus, adenovirus, or vaccinia virus particles were incubated with the solution for various periods of time after reactive oxygen species were formed. Physical damage to the virus particles that affected the ability of viruses to successfully infect susceptible host cells was measured. Viruses exposed to the reactive oxygen species were serially diluted and infected into susceptible host cells. The number of plaque forming units formed was compared to controls incubated in salt solutions for the same time periods. Infectivity of T2 bacteriophage was relatively unaffected by incubation with the reactive oxygen species for as long as 40 min whereas infectivity of EMC virus and adenovirus decreased by 97.1% and 96.4%, respectively, after incubation for 10 min. Vaccinia virus was intermediately affected at 10 min of exposure decreasing its infectivity by 50.5% but 98.5% after 40 min of exposure. Damage to EMC virus particles incubated for 10 min with the reactive oxygen species solution decreased only 82.6% with superoxide dismutase and 16.8% with superoxide dismutase and catalase in the reaction mixtures. EMC virus and adenovirus are very susceptible to lethal damage by reactive oxygen species while T2 bacteriophage is very resistant to damage. Vaccinia virus is intermediately susceptible. The results suggested that superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals are all partially responsible for inactivation of susceptible virus particles. Keywords: T2 bacteriophage, encephalomyocarditis virus, adenovirus, vaccinia virus, reactive oxygen species Cite this Article Goldstein G. Differential Susceptibility of Bacteriophage and Viruses to Reactive Oxygen Species. 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PCR identification of blaTEM gene mediated for ESBL drug resistance in Salmonella typhi
Objective: The aim of the present study to identify the presence of R-plasmid and detect the blaTEM gene encodes for ampicillin resistance. Materials and Methods: Salmonella typhi organisms isolated from widal positive blood samples and screened by standard screening methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility test by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method and MIC by agar dilution method for Ampicillin performed as per Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. ESBL detection by phenotypic confirmatory test, Double Disc synergetic test was performed with ampicillin, ampicillin/clavulanic acid combination according to CLSI standards. Subsequently, Plasmid isolation was carried out by alkaline lysis method and identification of Ampicillin resistance encoded gene blaTEM was done with PCR by standard parameters and conditions. Results: Among 66 S. typhi isolates, 04 (06.06%) strains were ampicillin resistant (ARST) among them 03 strains showed with increased MIC value of 256 µg/ml to 512 µg/ml. Three ARST strains chosen for the study have shown positivity for ESBL production. We observed significant increase in zone by Ëƒ3 mm in ampicillin/clavulanic acid combination with respect to ampicillin alone in phenotypic confirmatory method. Subsequently, we observed significant enhancement in the inhibition zone of ampicillin towards the ampicillin/clavulanic acid disc is confirmed as positive for ESBL production. All 03 ARST isolates carries a R-plasmid of 16 kb size and positive for presence of blaTEM genes with amplicon size of 800kb. Conclusion: Present study shows the transmissible R-plasmid present among Enterobacteriaceae, mostly in E. coli shares R-plasmid harbour`s ampicillin resistant gene blaTEM with S. typhi intern facilitates to develop resistance against ampicillin. Keywords: Ampicillin, ARST, R-plasmid, ESBL, blaTEM Cite this Article Rahul Narasanna, Manjunath Chavadi, Ashajyoti Chavan, Kelmani Chandrakanth. PCR identification of blaTEM gene mediated for ESBL drug resistance in Salmonella typhi. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2016; 6(2): 1–6p.
Distribution and Prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax in and Around Tepi Town in the Year 2003 and 2004 E.C.
Malaria is caused from infection by the protozoa of plasmodium. It is one of the serious diseases. There are four species of plasmodium infecting humans; these are Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malaria. The main point of the study of malaria tosses the distribution and prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax species in and around Tepi town in the year 2003 and 2004 E.C. The secondary data was taken from the patients diagnosed with malaria at the Tepi Health Center in the year 2003 and 2004 E.C. The age group was ranged as 0–18 years, 19–30 years, 31–60 years and above 60 years and the percentage of infected peoples in each age ranges was calculated. Finally the chart was obtained using MS-Excel tools. The highest distribution of P. falciparum was found for the age range of 19–30 years and 0–18 years in the year 2003 & 2004 E.C., respectively; whereas for P. vivax, the highest distribution was obtained in the age range of 0–18 years and 19–30 years in the year 2003 & 2004 E.C., respectively. On the other hand, the lowest distribution of both P. falciparum and P. vivax was found for the age range of above 60 years old in the year 2003 and 2004 E.C. Generally, it was concluded that, most of people living in and around Tepi town were highly infected with of P. vivax as compared to P. falciparum in the year 2003 E.C. Keywords: South National Nationality and Peoples of Region (SNNPR), Disability adjusted life (DAL), Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum Cite this Article Tilahun Rabuma. Distribution and prevalence of P. falciparum and P. vivax in and around Tepi town in the year 2003 and 2004 E.C. Research & Reviews: Journal of Microbiology and Virology. 2016; 6(1): 1–8p.