Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry
Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry (RRJoD) is focused towards publication of basic research and detailed review papers in all major domains of Dentistry. Focus and Scope Covers Dental Anatomy Prosthodontology and Dental Anesthesiology Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Orthodontics Restorative Dentistry Dental Radiography Forensic Odontology Geriatric Dentistry Veterinary Dentistry Dental Public Health (Policies Related to Oral Health) All contributions to the journal are rigorously refereed and are selected on the basis of quality and originality of the work. The journal publishes the most significant new research papers or any other original contribution in the form of reviews and reports on new concepts in all areas pertaining to its scope and research being done in the world, thus ensuring its scientific priority and significance.
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Rare Representation of Three Mesiodentes: A Supernumerary Challenge
Supernumerary teeth are commonly occurring anomaly which is characterised by the presence of additional teeth compared to the conventional dentition. Mesiodens is the most typical supernumerary tooth, located within the premaxilla between the two central incisors. Mesiodentes is seen in a rare condition when mesiodens erupt in multiple numbers. The etiology behind its incidence is obscure and numerous; however the foremost accepted theory is the hyperactivity of the dental lamina. The prevalence varies from 0.15 to 1.9%. Mesiodens may be eumorphic (resembling natural teeth) or dysmorphic (conical, tuberculate, or molariform), single or multiple, impacted or erupted and at times even inverted, placed labially, palatally or in between the maxillary central incisors, isolated or associated with syndromes. Complications related to the presence of mesiodens might embody impaction or delayed eruption of permanent teeth, swallowing and speech, impaired dentofacial aesthetics, and generally cyst formation. Identification is sometimes done by clinical and radiological examination. To avoid future complication, early extraction is the treatment of choice. Here, we report a rare case of triple mesiodentes in a non-syndromic patient that are in line with the central incisors causing malocclusion, and unaesthetic appearance. Keywords: Developmental anomaly, maxilla, mesiodens, triple mesiodentes Cite this Article Brijesh Tailor, Anshula Deshpande, Seema Bargale et al. Rare Representation of Three Mesiodentes: A Supernumerary Challenge. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(2): 21–25p.
Management of Parasymphysis Fracture in a 5-Year-Old Child: A Case Report
A serious concern for child dental health is dental trauma and especially orofacial fractures. These fractures can be diagnosed clinically through palpation or by viewing the functional changes. Swellings and bruises accompanying can also help in investigating the presence of a fracture. However a confirmatory radiographic investigation such as orthopentamogram or an occlusal radiograph should be taken to the region that is affected. This case report highlights a similar case. It is the case of right mandibular parasymphyseal fracture. The fracture was treated by acrylic open cap splint followed by circummandibular wiring. Mandibular fractures in children most frequently occur in condylar region, thereby in parasymphysis and angle of mandible. Amongst the common fractures occurring in children, the most common are condylar fractures followed by parasymphyseal. For treating parasymphyseal fractures in children, cap splinting is a reliable fixative technique. Keywords: cap-splint, fracture, parasymphysis Cite this Article Parth Joshi, Anshula Deshpande, Bhavna Dave et al. Management of Parasymphysis Fracture in a 5-Year-Old Child: A Case Report. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(2): 16–20p.
Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor Arising from the Lower Central Incisor—A Case Report
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor (AOT) is a relatively uncommon tumor that accounts for 2.2–7% of all odontogenic tumors. 59% of the AOTs are found in relation to impacted canines, of which around 40% are associated with maxillary canines. We describe a case of AOT where a patient reported to us with the chief complaint of missing permanent teeth in the lower front region. Orthopantomograph showed a well-defined uniocular radiolucent lesion extending from the mesial aspect of 31 till the mesial aspect of 44. A differential diagnosis of AOT, calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour (CCOT) or unicystic ameloblastoma was made. The patient underwent enucleation of the lesion under general anesthesia. Introperatively, the crown of central incisor was projecting out of the lesion and the root was found to be embedded in the lesion. Histopathologically the features were suggestive of AOT. The clinician must be aware that although a rare finding, AOT can arise from a lower central incisor. Keywords: Adenomatoid odontogenic tumor, lower central incisor, calcifying cystic odontogenic tumour, crown of central incisor Cite this Article Gopinath Thilak, Padmaraj Hegde, Pradeep S. Adenomatoid Odontogenic Tumor Arising from the Lower Central Incisor—A Case Report. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(2): 7–9p.
Restoring the Aesthetics and Function of Fractured Anterior Teeth Using BruxZir Anterior: A Case Report
The most commonly affected teeth by trauma are the maxillary central incisors. Many cosmetic treatments are available to regain dental aesthetics, but if this trauma is not treated, personal problems can occur, such as difficulties in smiling, laughing, and eating, as well as emotional problems associated with public contact. To fabricate a crown for maxillary incisors is a challenging procedure. The patient demands high aesthetic and the final result usually depend on the ability of the dental technician and his knowledge of optical properties of the material and teeth. Average normal dental technician can do better shade matching with available all-ceramic systems than metal ceramic systems. Keywords: BruxZir anterior, all-ceramic crown, fractured teeth, esthetic restorations, anterior ceramic crowns Cite this Article Doshi D, Gandhi P, Sawant H. Restoring the Aesthetics and Function of Fractured Anterior Teeth Using BruxZir Anterior: A Case Report. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(2): 1–3p.
Management of Discolored Maxillary Anterior Teeth Using Porcelain Laminate Veneers: A Case Report
Teeth discoloration is a common problem and affects people of all ages. Apart from the conventional treatment modalities for the same, newer options are available today with better techniques and materials. Porcelain laminate veneer is used widely throughout the world for aesthetic correction for discolored and damaged tooth structures. Certain properties of dental ceramic when used as a restorative material such as excellent color stability, acceptable mechanical strength, satisfactory aesthetic appearance due to glass phase providing translucency and its compatibility with surrounding periodontal tissues make this material a good choice for such treatment. Use of porcelain laminate veneers conservatively provides satisfactory aesthetic results and also preserves sound tooth structure as it requires minimum tooth preparation. Keywords: Porcelain veneers, dental veneers, dental laminates, teeth discoloration, aesthetic treatment Cite this Article Doshi D. Management of Discolored Maxillary Anterior Teeth Using Porcelain Laminate Veneers: A Case Report. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(2): 4–6p.
Comparative Evaluation of Different Thread Design on Stress Distribution in a Solid Screw Implant: A 3-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Study
Stress concentration on implant or implant bone interface can cause relative microfracture at the interface between implant and bone, fracture of the implant, loosening or fracture of components of implant system and bone resorption so it is important to understand the stress distribution pattern for implant with different thread pattern as thread design can have a direct influence on the stress concentration. The study was conducted with the aim to determine pattern of stress distribution around implant with different types of thread designs and with objective of finding out the biomechanical behavior of implant threads which plays an important role on stresses at implant-bone interface. Keywords: Stress concentration, stress distribution, thread designs, implant stress analysis, finite element analysis Cite this Article Darshit Doshi, Paresh Gandhi, Ajay Sabane et al. Comparative Evaluation of Different Thread Design on Stress Distribution in a Solid Screw Implant: A 3-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis Study. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(2): 10–15p.
With advent of newer technology in dentistry, implants have turned out to be a boost in orthodontics. These implants help to control the tooth movement. Mini screw implants are currently one of the most commonly accepted treatment modality. At times, these are referred as temporary anchorage devices. It provides the skeletal anchorage when incorporated in the bone and it supports the whole unit. The purpose of this article is to discuss history, indications, implant materials, size, shape, advantages and method of placement of these anchorage devices. Keywords: Implants, anchorage, skeletal, dental technology Cite this Article Grewal M, Mago J, Jhamb M, et al. Implants in Orthodontics: A Review. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(1): 5–8p.
Management of Compound Odontome: A Case Report
Odontomes are developmental anomalies of the dental tissues and may interfere with the eruption of the associated tooth. Since, these lesions are asymptomatic; they are usually detected in routine radiographic investigations. They can be thought of as “tooth hamartomas” with the lesion consisting of various tooth components. Early diagnosis, prompt clinical decision making followed by a proper treatment at the right time, results in a favourable prognosis. The present report describes the surgical management of a case of compound odontome in 19-year-old female patient who presented with a complaint of missing tooth in maxillary anterior region. After the radiographic investigation the odontome was surgically removed. Keywords: Compound odontome, delayed tooth eruption, maxilla, odontogenic tumors, odontome Cite this Article Alok Kumar, Sanjay Chandan, Sujay Patil, Sanjana Sethi, et al. Management of Compound Odontome: A Case Report. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(1): 13–16p.
Achieving Surgical Accuracy in Implant Dentistry Using a CAD/CAM Stent: A Case Report
Surgical accuracy is of utmost importance in implant dentistry as one of the most common aetiology of implant failure is related to incorrect placement. The surgical aspect of implant placement is vital to the stability, support and retention of the prosthesis to be placed later. CAD/CAM in dentistry has established strong footing in the field of Oral Implantology. The fabrication of a stent to guide the implant drill using CAD/CAM serves better purpose than one made manually as the Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) and other radiographic records obtained may be used in synchronization with the digital impressions of the casts obtained. The ease of fabrication is another advantage besides significant reduction in surgical trauma. This article presents a case report of a surgical stent fabricated using CAD/CAM. Keywords: Stent, CAD/CAM, dental implant, CBCT, CAD/CAM implantology Cite this Article Doshi D, Lehl, Patil S et al. Achieving Surgical Accuracy in Implant Dentistry using a CAD/CAM Stent: A Case Report. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(1): 1–4p.
Obtaining Balanced Occlusion with Monoplane Teeth Using Balancing Ramp- A Case Report
Lateral or tipping forces produce unfavorable forces affecting denture stability and have ill effect on structures comprising the denture foundation area. Denture occlusion differs from natural organic occlusion in order to compensate for the lack of retention, stability and support when compared with natural dentition. Bilateral balance occlusion decreases the transmission of lateral tipping forces. Monoplane occlusion further attempts to decrease the tipping forces by reducing the effect of incline plane effect and the contact between the maxillary and mandibular denture. Bilateral balanced occlusion is obtained by using balancing ramps when monoplane teeth are used. Keywords: Balanced occlusion, complete denture occlusion, monoplane occlusion, non-anatomic teeth, balancing ramps Cite this Article Monisha Binod Singh. Obtaining Balanced Occlusion with Monoplane Teeth Using Balancing Ramp- A Case Report. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(1): 27–29p.
Management of Basal Cell Adenoma of Parotid Gland with Blair's Incision
A basal cell adenoma (BCA) of salivary gland origin is a rare tumour which was included as a separate salivary gland tumour in the classification schemes by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1991. It is an uncommon benign salivary gland epithelial tumor which accounts for 1–2% of all salivary gland epithelial tumors and more than 80% of BCAs arises in the major salivary glands, mostly the parotid gland. It is usually firm in consistency, mobile, slow growing mass, and tends to be multiple. In this article we would like to report a case of BCA which was managed uneventfully by preserving the facial nerve and its branches. Keywords: Basal cell adenoma (BCA), parotid gland, benign tumor, Blair's incision, facial nerve Cite this Article Parbat S, Narla B, Ramanojam S, et al. Management of Basal Cell Adenoma of Parotid Gland with Blair's Incision. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(1): 9–12p.
Systemic Ailment of Oral Focal Sepsis: A Review
There are so many etiologies which cause diseases in many parts of the body. One of the most important etiologies is focal sepsis in the oral cavity which can cause a variety of systemic diseases. There are many epidemiological studies which have linked poor oral health with cardiovascular disease, poor glycemic control, low birth-weight pre-term babies and a number of other conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, respiratory diseases and osteoporosis. This article focuses on the role of good oral health and the risks associated with poor oral health. Keywords: Oral focal sepsis, systemic manifestations, inflammatory diseases Cite this Article Isha Singla. Systemic Ailment of Oral Focal Sepsis: A Review. Research & Reviews: A Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(1): 30–35p.
Malocclusions and Associated Factors among Children with Neuropsychological, Sensory and Physical Disabilities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Background: Malocclusions have negative impacts on oral health of children with disabilities. Knowledge on factors associated with malocclusions may help planning preventive measures, necessary for disabled children. The study objective was therefore to determine the prevalence of malocclusions and their associated factors among children with disabilities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Methods: It was a cross-sectional survey that involved 384 children with neuropsychological, sensory and physical disabilities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Data was collected by a structured questionnaire for parents/teachers/caretakers and clinical examination to children, that was done using WHO (1997) criteria. Results: Majority of the children were males and (60.4%) had malocclusion/s (69%). Most malocclusions were recorded in children with neuropsychological disabilities (75.9%), compared to Sensory (71.6%) and physically (66.7%) disabled children. Children with neuropsychological disabilities performed oral habits more (p<0.001) and had more problems with oral functions (p<0.05) than children from other groups of disabilities. Presence of overall malocclusions was significantly associated with factors such as swallowing problems (p<0.001), Oral habits (p<0.001), lip incompetence (p<0.05), toothache (p<0.05) and having an ulcer in the mouth (p<0.05). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, it was revealed that performing oral habits, absence of toothache history and having swallowing problems (p<0.05, odds ratios of 5.4, 0.5 and 11.5, respectively), were significant determinants of being found with overall malocclusions. Conclusion: Malocclusions were prevalent in a greater proportion (69%) of children with disabilities and were associated with factors such as problems with oral functions, performance of oral habits and having oral health problems. Keywords: Malocclusion, disabled children, orthodontics, Tanzania Cite this Article Matilda Mtaya-Mlangwa, Venant Vedasto Byarugaba, Ferdinand Mabula Machibya. Malocclusions and Associated Factors among Children with Neuropsychological, Sensory and Physical Disabilities in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2017; 8(1): 17–26p.
Minimal Invasive Approach in Periodontal Therapy: A Review
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It also prevents the delirious esthetic changes that could occur with the conventional surgical approaches. This review deals with the ground understanding of minimally invasive periodontal therapy inculcating the regenerative potential at the confined site, when performed. Many studies reveal that the microsurgical access flap, in terms of MIPS, has a high potential to seal the healing wound from the contaminated oral environment by achieving and maintaining primary closure. Soft tissues are preserved to avoid recession and this stands upon the aesthetic demands of both the patient and the clinician. However, larger studies are required to confirm and extend the reported positive preliminary outcomes. Keywords: MIPS, surgery, treatment procedures Cite this Article Kunal Keshaw, Pushpa Pudalkatti, Anita Raikar et al. Minimal Invasive Approach in Periodontal Therapy: A Review. 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Report of Two Cases with Supplemental Tooth in Primary Dentition
Teeth that are seen in duplications are usually termed as supplemental teeth which may be present in both primary and permanent dentition. Supplemental teeth forms are actually the subset of supernumerary teeth which are commonly seen in permanent dentition as compared to primary dentition. The presence of these extra teeth may pose various clinical complications. Two cases with supplemental tooth in maxillary arch lateral incisor region are discussed and emphasis is laid on the importance of early diagnosis and treatment during early mixed dentition in present case report. Keywords: Supernumerary teeth, lateral incisor, malocclusion, maxillary arch, mixed dentition Cite this Article Neelam Hasmukhbhai Joshi, Anshula Neeraj Deshpande, Rameshwari Raol et al. Report of Two Cases with Supplemental Tooth in Primary Dentition. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(3): 18–21p.
A Future Revolution in Medical/Dental Therapeutics: Medical Marijuana
Dispensing and use of marijuana (Cannabis) and derivatives are restricted under federal statutory control in the United States as “SCHEDULE 1” substances (illegal drugs). However, at the state level (September 2016), “medical marijuana” is legal in 20 states plus “recreational marijuana” in four states and the districts of Columbia. Several other states have litigation for marijuana decriminalization on the November 2016 ballot. Pharmacotherapeutic use of marijuana and its derivatives may alter future prescribed use of opioid medications (most narcotic medicines) for pain control in medicine and dentistry—lowering the effective dose of the opioid when used in combination with marijuana. Although abuse of marijuana is still controversial, modern practitioners are beginning to incorporate “medical marijuana” into their clinical practice. Marijuana and its derivatives have been used for many indications in medicine and dentistry—some are supported by research evidence, however, many are not. Practitioners should take appropriate care that use of “medical marijuana” will benefit the patient and that such treatment is in the best interest of the patient. Keywords: medical marijuana, pain control, marijuana research, opioids, chronic illnesses Cite this Article Flaer P, Gallegos J. A Future Revolution in Medical/Dental Therapeutics: “Medical Marijuana”. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(3): 1–6p.
Awareness Regarding Importance of Fluoridated Toothpaste among 12–14 Years Old Children
Introduction: Brushing with fluoride dentifrice is a critical element of our defence against dental caries. Optimal caries protection from the fluoride in a dentifrice will only be provided if brushing delivers fluoride effectively and specifically to the teeth. Aim and Objectives: Aim was to assess the knowledge regarding use of fluoridated toothpaste in prevention of dental caries among 12–14 years old children. Objectives were to know whether the children in the age group of 12–14 years know the advantages of using fluoridated toothpaste over non-fluoridated toothpaste in prevention of dental caries and to create awareness about advantages of fluoridated toothpaste. Materials and Methods: 100 Children in the age group of 12–14 years were selected. The questionnaire proforma of multiple-choice questions regarding the knowledge and awareness of fluoridated toothpaste was given to the subjects to mark. The data was evaluated using chi square test and t-test. Result: Regarding the awareness of fluoride in toothpaste, only 26% children had the knowledge regarding fluoride content in toothpaste while only 12% children had knowledge regarding actual importance of fluoride in toothpaste. Conclusion: Based upon the findings of present study the awareness, knowledge and attitude of 12–14 years school going children regarding various oral hygiene measures and use of fluoridated toothpaste and its role in caries prevention was very poor. Keywords: Fluoridated Toothpaste, Fluoride, Caries, Oral hygiene practice, brushing Cite this Article Poonacha KS, Dimple Mehta, Anshula Deshpande et al. Awareness Regarding Importance of Fluoridated Toothpaste Among 12–14 Years Old Children. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(3): 22–28p.
Unicystic Ameloblastoma: Mural Variant—A Rare Case Report
According to the recent literatures, ameloblastoma is a benign tumour of jaw bones with locally invasive capacity. It is a true neoplasm of enamel-organ type of tissue which does not undergo differentiation to the point of enamel formation. It belongs to the group of tumors arising from odontogenic epithelium with mature fibrous stroma without odontogenic ectomesenchyme as per according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Odontogenic Tumors in 2005. This article describes a case of mural variant of unicystic ameloblastoma involving a 27-year-old male located in the lower vestibular/buccal gingiva. After the case presentation, clinical and microscopic findings are discussed. Keywords: Ameloblastoma, unicystic, mural, tumor Cite this Article Tanvi Vijay, Abhishek Kumar Singh, Zibran Khan et al. Unicystic Ameloblastoma: Mural Variant– A Rare Case Report. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(3): 7–12p.
Endodontic Considerations: Physiology of the Accessory Canals of the Dental Pulp
Access to endodontic therapy by the general population is often limited by the high expense of these procedures (i.e., sometimes requiring the expertise of a dental specialist in Endodontics). The segments of the endodontic apparatus (i.e., periapical complex, accessory canals, and root canal space) with their unique qualities as to spacial relationships, composition of microbial flora, immunological considerations, and host factors, function together leading to the success of initial endodontic treatment or subsequently to its failure and need for retreatment. Sealing of accessory canals can directly impact endodontic success whether being filled passively during root canal therapy, healing them with a “dentinal bridge”, or approached surgically in a preventive or retreatment mode. Regeneration and repair of periapical alveolar bone and periodontal ligament signals a clinical success while absence of these healing factors constitutes an endodontic failure. Unless they are sealed passively during instrumentation or obturation, accessory canals can spread microbial infection to the root canal space and/or periodontal structures. Keywords: Accessory canals, dental pulp, endodontics, periodontics, dental physiology Cite this Article P. Flaer, S. Badri, E. Kirsh. Endodontic Considerations: Physiology of the Accessory Canals of the Dental Pulp. Research and Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(2): 45–49p.
One of the challenging situations where prosthodontists skills and knowledge are put to test is management of a patient with pronounced gag reflex. A disruptive hypersensitive gag reflex is stressful, frustrating and embarrassing both for the patient and the dentist. It proves to be barrier in delivering adequate and quality dental treatment. Gag reflex is a complex, physiologic protective phenomenon designed to protect the upper airway and the oropharynx. This paper is a descript review of the etiologic factors and various management and clinical techniques and strategies to aid a clinician in managing the patients with such an exasperating reflex. Keywords: Gagging, vomiting, gag reflex, etiologic factors, dental treatment Cite this Article Madhok and Singh. Gagging And Management. Research and Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(2): 38–44p.
Class III Malocclusion and its Management: An Overview
Angle’s Class III malocclusion is one of the most complex malocclusions which have several etiological factors. The etiology may be present at different levels of development like dental, skeletal and combination of both. The treatment modality depends upon the age and the severity of the malocclusion. In this article, we summarize the etiology, types, prevalence, characteristic features, diagnosis, different treatment methods for the Angle’s Class III malocclusion. Keywords: Class III malocclusion, clinical features, treatment methods Cite this Article Vinay Umale, Rohit Kulshrestha, Ragni Tandon. Class III Malocclusion and its Management: An Overview. Research and Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(2): 24–33p.
From a public health and disease prevention standpoint, tooth retention and oral health (on an individual basis) are the keys to decreasing morbidity and delaying mortality in the human lifetime. Root canal therapy is expensive and time consuming. When faced with the necessity of endodontic treatment for cosmetics, people will usually “find the money” to prevent extraction of an anterior tooth. However, molar root canals are even more expensive and mostly out of the price range of affordability for the middle or lower socioeconomic status (SES) populations. In addition, molar endodontic treatment is time consuming (i.e., both for the dentist and the patient) and often requires the services of a specialist (at even a higher cost to the patient). Epidemiologically speaking, even endodontic therapy is often not for a lifetime but merely a stage in eventual tooth loss. Extraction of teeth, the most common choices for the lower SES patient in pain, removes important body parts and effectively makes the patient a “dental cripple.” Pulpotomy though is an inexpensive alternative treatment for the patient and technically easy procedure for the dentist. Pulpotomy supplants or delays root canal therapy and sometimes the ultimate next step in tooth loss, i.e., extraction. Keywords: Pulpotomy, pulpectomy, root canal therapy (RCT), extraction Cite this Article Flaer P., Badri S., Kirsh E., Macajoux J., Daneshgar M., Ghadakzedeh S. Dental Pulpotomy and The Public Health. Research and Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(2): 1–6p.
Inhibition of Bacterial Communication, Relevance to Periodontics: A Review
To survive in hostile environment, bacteria communicate and coordinate their behavior. This cell-to-cell communication and coordination in bacteria or quorum sensing (QS), regulates bacterial growth, metabolism, biofilm formation, virulence factor secretion and various other essential functions in bacterial colonies. Many diseases of human beings, including gingival and periodontal diseases are mediated and regulated by this inter species communication. This high level of interspecies interaction is integral to the development and maturation of the plaque. Various contemporary approaches, to inhibit this inter species communication have been tried to control the diseases caused by bacteria. Inhibition of this inter species communication among periodontal pathogens is a new approach to treat periodontal diseases and need to be explored. Keywords: Bacterial communication, quorum sensing, biofilm, periodontal disease Cite this Article Avinash Jnaneswar, Arpita Singh, Rajeev Ranjan et al. Inhibition of Bacterial Communication, Relevance to Periodontics: A Review. Research and Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(2): 18–23p.
Clinical Practice Management in Orthodontics: An Overview
The traditional education of a dentist has placed greater emphasis on developing highly competent diagnostician or clinicians and has often left a noticeable void in the area of practice management. As dentistry enters the 21st century, it faces an ever changing population and concepts. Orthodontic observes are minor businesses, not only among orthodontic providers, but with all other health care providers as well. Competition within the arena comes from general dentists performing orthodontics, too many orthodontists and too limited patients. Also, very few barriers to entry into the orthodontic field exist, as all graduates of accredited dental schools can practice orthodontics. The passive approach for growing an orthodontic practice will no longer does. One common scenario is that many orthodontists aren’t confident about how to approach and succeed in the very thing they may need most. This article will assist the post-graduates and the practicing orthodontists in managing their clinical practice and any problems which they face in day to day practice. Keywords: Practice management, ethics, fees, education, orthodontics Cite this Article Kulshrestha et al. Clinical Practice Management in Orthodontics: An Overview. Research and Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(2): 7–17p.
Combating Gag Reflex in an Edentulous Patient Using Glossopharyngeal Nerve Block: A Case Report
Gagging, though a normal defensive reflex mechanism many a times prove to be a barrier in context of delivering adequate dental care and quality dental treatment. Gagging episodes interrupt dental procedures, and managing such a patient requires much concern, skill and a strategic approach on part of the dentist. Severe gagging episodes may even lead to avoidance or postponement of dental care. This article describes the management of an edentulous hopeless gagger whose treatment seemed to be apparently impossible. Her tolerance towards the denture in due course was improved by behavioral techniques and the procedural steps were carried out by glossopharyngeal nerve block as the last resort. Keywords: Pharyngeal reflex, gagging, glossopharyngeal nerve block Cite this Article Madhok and Singh. Combating Gag Reflex in an Edentulous Patient Using Glossopharyngeal Nerve Block: A Case Report. Research & Reviews: Journal of Dentistry. 2016; 7(2): 34–37p.