Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology
Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology (JoPET) is an international eJournal focused towards the rapid publication of fundamental research papers on all areas of Petroleum Engineering & Petroleum Technology. Focus and Scope Covers Production of Hydrocarbons Petroleum Geology Formation Evaluation (Well Logging), Drilling and Economics Oil Refining Synthetic Fuel Technologies Oil Shale Technology Reservoir Simulation
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Biopolymer Substitution and Impact on Cuttings Transport of a Lightweight Water-Based Drilling Fluid
Abstract The aim is to determine the impact of substitution of a local material for another, on rheological properties and hole cleaning capability. A local biopolymer Mucuna solannie was used as a substitute for another biopolymer, Detarium microcarpum, primarily as a viscosifier in a water-based drilling fluid. Tests were carried out using standard equipment and specifications. Variations in transport efficiency and required minimum fluid flow rate at same cuttings concentration (CC) were recorded in the 12¼ in vertical hole section, while in the 8½ in directional section, the maximum ROP that can be sustained while still maintaining adequate hole cleaning was obtained by graphical method. Yield stress values of 2.7, 3 and 12.4 lb/100ft2 were calculated based on different approaches. In the 12¼ in section, TE of 99.98% and CC of 5.002 vol.% were observed at 300 ft/h with minimum fluid flow rate of 657 gpm for the Mucuna solannie mud, from a MATLAB cuttings transport program, compared with TE of 99.98 and 98.55% at same CC of 5.002 vol.% for the Detarium microcarpum and XCD/Polymer muds respectively used as control samples. Required minimum fluid flow rates are 612.4 and 621.3 gpm respectively. In the 8½ in section, with the Herschel-Bulkley mud, an ROP of about 8.2 ft/h was obtained as the maximum drilling rate at 40° inclination. The lightweight mud exhibited good cuttings transport in the vertical well, and might not be suitable for highly deviated wells. Comparison of this kind is necessary for evaluation of respective constituents in a mud formulation where several local materials are combined, in a wholly-replaced-bentonite mud. Different models and approaches yielded various yield stress values; hence, comparison of accuracy of models in predicting yield stress is necessary. Keywords: Cutting carrying index, cuttings transport, lightweight mud, Mucuna solannie. Cite this Article Uwaezuoke N, Onwukwe SI, Igwilo KC et al. Biopolymer Substitution and Impact on Cuttings Transport of a Lightweight Water-Based Drilling Fluid. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2017; 7(2): 54–64p.
Wall to bed mass transfer in the presence of double cone promoter in a three phase fluidized bed with conical entry of electrolyte
Investigations have been carried out experimentally to study the effect on wall-to-bed mass transfer coefficient in presence of double cone promoter in a three-phase fluidized bed with a conical entry of electrolyte. The system chosen was an electrolyte as liquid phase, glass spheres of different diameters as solid phase and inert nitrogen as gas phase. The electrolyte was an equimolar solution of potassium ferricyanide and potassium ferrocyanide each of 0.01N with 0.5N sodium hydroxide as indifferent electrolyte. The reaction considered was the reduction of ferricyanide ion. The experiment had been carried out at temperature range of 36 to 38oC at which the physical property values of the electrolyte were known from literature. The mass transfer coefficient was computed from the measured limiting current. It was found that the mass transfer coefficient was relatively independent of liquid velocity within the range covered in the present experiment. The kL increased marginally with increasing gas velocity. The kL was not influenced significantly by particle size and diameter of promoter within the present study range. The entire experimental data have been correlated in terms of Coulburn jD-factor and particle Reynolds number.
Abstract Recently a significant number of accidents in offshore oil and gas industry have made us more concerned about enhancing the operational safety in offshore drilling and production worldwide. There is an urgent need of looking into the above problems by the operators, regulators and the stakeholders of the oil and gas industry. Compiling and analyzing the key factors, facilitating the sharing of the learning experiences, and interacting with the industry and the government can identify the areas where industry can continuously improve the operational safety and environment management. Since it is difficult for any regulator to inspect the quality of the safety management system in oil and gas industry, the safety culture has to be inculcated within the industry to ensure safe operations under protected environment in offshore installations. In most cases, human factors in the management of emergency response are more important to reduce the risk of accidents. Lack of positive safety culture by the individuals, poor qualities of inspecting, reporting and auditing, and sharing of actual data complicate the above issue. In this paper, a critical assessment has been carried out on the operational safety and environmental issues and their management systems in offshore oil industry in India and abroad. Based on a few case studies, possible recommendations have been made which may be helpful for the oil and gas industry. Keywords: Offshore oil and gas industry, operational safety and environmental issues, emergency response Cite this Article Karmakar GP. Oilfield Disaster Management. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2017; 7(2): 21–28p.
Challenges and Prospects of the Use of Horizontal Directional Drilling Techniques for Laying Oil and Gas Pipelines in Nigeria
Abstract Nigeria pipelines, especially the petroleum and petroleum product pipelines are always vandalized by the sabotage. Huge amount of money is expended to put the damaged pipeline in good shape; and petroleum and petroleum product transfer is sometimes hampered due to leakages and damages caused by the oil thieves. Also huge money is being budgeted yearly to secure the pipelines. To combat this problem, horizontal directional drilling (HDD) is being proposed. HDD is a method of installing underground pipes and conduits along a prescribed bore path from the surface, with minimal impact to the surrounding area. Installation lengths up to 6500 ft and depth of 200 ft have been completed and diameters up to 48 in have been installed in shorter runs. The process begins when a directional bore machine pushes a bore head connected to hollow pipe into the ground at an angle. As each joint of drill pipe is pushed into the ground, a new one is added behind. In rock, a mud motor, which converts the hydraulic pressure of the drilling fluid into mechanical rotation, is used to rotate the bit and the drill pipe is not continuously rotated. Steerage is accomplished by aligning the angle of the mud motor to the desired direction. This paper investigates the challenges and prospects of using the HDD technique to lay pipeline to a greater depth/distance that will be inaccessible to the oil thieves. The construction process (pilot hole, reaming and pullback) along with the major components (drill rig, drill pipe, slurry, slurry recycling, survey equipment, drill bits, and reamers) is discussed. The advantages of cost reduction, and environmental, social and time benefits were examined in this study. The challenges of proper soils information, subsurface conditions, training and knowledge, drilling fluids and binding of the drill pipe and reamer/bit are highlighted. Keywords: Horizontal directional drilling, petroleum, petroleum products, pipeline, vandals Cite this Article Stanley Ugochukwu Ibeh, Boniface Obah. Challenges and Prospects of the Use of Horizontal Directional Drilling Techniques for Laying Oil and Gas Pipelines in Nigeria. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2017; 7(2):
Revamp of Feed Preheat Network Using Aspen Hysys in a Kero Hydro-Desulphurization Unit
Abstract The paper is based on the revamp of feed preheat network in a Kero hydro-desulphurization unit. This revamp is beneficial as it does not require additional equipment to raise the feed temperature. Desulphurization of crude is a catalytic process used in oil and gas refining industry to remove sulphur content from refined petroleum products. Previously, feed was charged from the crude distillation unit at 103°C. Due to envisaged changes, the feed is now charged from storage tanks at a temperature of 40°C. This requires a higher feed heater duty or decrease in feed rate. This potential underutilization of the unit could impact the product supply from the refinery with negative financial implications. The aim is to preheat the feed at a temperature of 40°C to a temperature of 150°C prior to entering the feed heater. The methodology was to configure the feed preheat network of the unit in Aspen-Hysys as existing to validate the exchanger design with present operating condition and to reconfigure the same feed preheat network to maximise the feed temperature, whilst ensuring sufficient temperature availability at the fractionator inlet for the required performance. Based on the simulation study, it can be concluded that feed could be preheated to the optimum level by reconfiguring the existing heat exchanger network. This configuration would reduce the charge heater duty along with maintaining the required fractionator feed temperature at an optimum level. This approach requires the reconfiguration of the existing streams, without having to involve additional equipment. This paper would give insight on ways in which reconfiguration of existing preheat networks can be carried out without the use of additional equipment and also provide knowledge on methods to utilize energy sources present within the process which would lead to financial savings. Keywords: Heat exchanger, hydro-desulphurization, Aspen Hysys, preheat network, reconfiguration Cite this Article Natasha Vincent, Patil Kiran D, Mahesh Kumar B. Revamp of Feed Preheat Network Using Aspen Hysys in a Kero Hydro-Desulphurization Unit. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2017; 7(2):
Challenges & Issues in Natural Gas Distribution Industry
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML /> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Abstract Natural Gas Distribution or City Gas Distribution (CGD) in India is at a nascent stage. Before the establishment of Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB), the sector was unstructured and direction-less at times. With the formation of PNGRB, the safety practices of CGD business were looked into and guidelines were framed. However, the initial legal disputes within PNGRB retarded the growth. The first three bidding rounds in the sector brought out many issues and challenges. The CGD entities along with PNGRB tried to resolve the issues but some of them still remain unsolved in the fourth, fifth and sixth bidding rounds. The allocation priority of gas in this sector over power and fertilizer definitely boosted the sector considerably. In this paper, an attempt has been made to analyze the CGD sector, dissect the problems faced by the government, CGD entities, vendors, third party service providers, consumers and market. The analysis is narrated under various macro headings and subpoints are described in order to show the effect of the same on the sector. The challenges revolve around issues affecting project Internal Rate of Return (IRR), project investment rate of return, market exclusivity, gas allocation, gas availability issues, logistic and manpower issues. The influence of the sector on customer base, tariff recovery mechanism, innovations, finance and health, safety and environment (HSE) is also discussed in this paper. Keywords: natural gas, Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB), City Gas Distribution (CGD), issues Cite this Article Sircar A, Sahajpal S, Yadav K. Challenges & Issues in Natural Gas Distribution Industry. 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PVT Analysis: Validity Checks and EOS Turning Techniques for Retrograde Condensate Reservoirs
Abstract PVT analysis is pertinent to field-wide development and optimization. This is because we need to know the over-all behavior of the fluid from reservoir through production and process facilities, down to the refinery. Its emergence as a separate discipline has been supported by the development of modern computer software that utilize EOS models for simulating experiments and representing fluid phase behaviours. PVT simulations are carried out to determine operating conditions that will maximize the surface liquid content and extend the production plateau duration at the lowest possible cost. In such simulations, laboratory derived data are used to tune the EOS models and the results incorporated for reservoir simulation and studies. Obtaining a good match between EOS and laboratory data depends on data quality and for retrograde gas condensates; this can be very challenging due to their complicated phase behavior. Inadequate match results in computational errors and unrepresentative results when used in reservoir simulations and thus, jeopardize reservoir management decisions which are based on it. The major contributions of this paper are: first, a review of critical issues and success factors in PVT analysis and its associated challenges; second, methods for quality checking PVT data; and third, techniques for improving Lab-EOS match and their influence in PVT results. Keywords: Gas condensate, PVT analysis, equations of state, tuning technique, validity checks Cite this Article Stanley Ugochukwu Ibeh, Samuel Eleanya Chibueze, Boniface Obah. PVT Analysis: Validity Checks and EOS Tuning Techniques for Retrograde Gas Condensate Reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Engineering & Technology. 2017; 7(2): 44–53p.
Rheology and Flow Properties of Fracturing Gels in Straight and Coiled Tubing
This study involves experimental investigation of rheological and hydraulic characteristics of aqueous based polymeric and surfactant fluids in straight and coiled tubing. The fluids matrix includes guar, HPG, PHPA, welan, xanthan, and surfactant. Bohlin rheometer was used to evaluate rheological and viscoelastic characteristics. For hydraulic characteristics, small- and large-scale flow loops were used. It is observed that all fluids exhibit comparable non-Newtonian behavior and improved viscous and elastic properties. Among polymeric fluids, guar and welan provide better viscosity and suspension properties. Surfactant is significantly affected by the formation of rod-like micelles and other microstructures. Master curves for rheological and elastic properties are developed using the molecular theory approach. The foremost benefit of these curves is its dimensionless form that provides a unique technique to predict viscosity for all fluids. For hydraulic properties, friction losses in coiled tubing are significantly higher than in straight tubing due to centrifugal forces and secondary flows. Surfactant is more sensitive to shear field applied where different microstructures are induced and thus they exhibit better drag reduction characteristics than polymeric fluids especially in coiled tubing with larger sizes. However, in straight tubing, guar shows better drag reduction characteristics than surfactant and other polymers, which diminishes as tubing size increases. However, welan gum exhibits a comparable performance. Overall, all fluids are considered good candidates as fracturing fluids with specific features for each. Unique characteristics of each fluid is discussed and explained in more details within the context of the present paper.
Optimization of Mucuna solannie Mud Rheological Parameters
The need to optimize rheological parameters by the use of appropriate techniques is the best consideration in drilling mud rheology studies. Various methods are used considering experience on the side of the user, available methods, and flow in pipe or annulus and depending on whether study is done in the field or for research purposes. Mucuna solannie is a legume, and the seed is a viscosifier used in foods in some parts of Africa. M. solannie mud is a new mud formulation from biomaterials, with M. solannie as the viscosifier, proposed as a replacement for other muds in terms of cost and efficiency. Solver software was used to determine the optimum rheological parameters, which would assist to select the suitable model for the mud. With Absolute Average Errors of 0.3433 and 0.8856 for unweighted and weighted muds, respectively; Herschel-Bulkley model is the suitable model since it has yield stress as model parameter, and flow behavior indices of 0.4721 and 0.4208 for unweighted and weighted muds, respectively were recorded. SOLVER result is comparable with other known techniques. It proved to be reliable, fast and requires little practice. It is suitable for engineering and research applications. The mud might be suitable for tophole sections due to high yield of M. solannie and presence of calcium. Keywords: Generalized reduced gradient, Herschel-Bulkley, Mucuna solannie, rheological parameters, SOLVER software
Experimental Analysis of the Effect of Fine Milled Husk of Rice as a Novel Filtration Control Agent for Water Based Drilling Fluid System
Drilling operation is a complex process that requires integration of various engineering systems. As the drilling continues, the formation encountered offers challenges to wellbore integrity as pressure increases with depth. The influx of formation fluid is contained by the overbalance provided by weighted drilling fluid column. Another critical function of the mud is to restrict the filtration fluid lost to the formation by forming a suitable mud-cake around the wellbore. Drilling fluids are designed to reduce filtration loss by addition of filtration control agents. This paper is a comprehensive study of the effects of fine milled Husk of Rice as a filtration control agent in water based mud system by experiments performed at laboratory conditions. Filter Loss and Rheological properties of the mud were studied by changing the concentration of the Husk of Rice in water based mud system. Keywords: Drilling Fluid, Mud, Fluid Loss, Mud Cake, Husk of Rice
Lithological Characterization and Reservoir Characteristics by Computerized Tomography Assisted Micro Density log of the Rock
Lithological Characterization of the unconsolidated rock from heavy oil field has been attempted using X-ray computerized tomography imagine techniques. A micro density log is generated to obtain the hidden information of such variations along the depth at micro level, which normally is not available through conventional log. Useful exploratory leads have been obtained through characterization of the nature of reservoir using simple petro-physical techniques on conventional cores by defining reservoir grade, pore throat sorting and irreducible water saturation. The present study is based on the determination of mineralogical variations present within the rock.
Calculation improvement of the clay content in the hydrocarbon formation rocks
Natural radioactivity of reservoir rocks of oil and gas East Baghdad field is due not only to their content of clay material, but also the existence of uranium that located in the skeleton of rocks. In connection with this, for the shale content determination of reservoir rocks, it is necessary to exclude the uranium contribution from the overall intensity of the gamma radiation. The paper presents the results of a research, using the data of spectral (standard) gamma ray logs–SGR, in which more accurate determination of the shaliness (clay content) in the productive zones of the Zubair section of East Baghdad field (In Iraq) is proposed. With the help of a computer program, a formula that allows us to remove the effect of uranium, which affects the readings of gamma ray logging, is obtained.
The Effects of hydro confining pressure on the flow properties of sandstone and carbonate rocks.
There is a significant effect of the hydro confining pressure of the core holder on the flowing properties of the formation rocks. This effect is caused due to the mechanical elastic deformation of the core when carrying out laboratory studies of the water shutoff and polymer compositions. Consequently, this deformation will cause changing in the permeability and voids storage capacity of the studied core samples. Therefore, under the laboratory conditions and when dealing with such studies on formation cores, it is necessary to consider the changes of permeability and voids storage capacity of these cores.
Comparative Study between Smart Controls and Conventional Bottom Hole Completions
This research project made use of Schlumberger’s “ECLIPSE 100” reservoir simulator to predict the performance of a reservoir with an overlying gas cap and an underlying aquifer (i.e., a three- phase Water-Oil-Gas reservoir) under conventional BHC techniques. Additional work was done to ascertain the suitability of incorporating an Intelligent Well (IW) to deal with water production problem by placing Inflow Control Valves (ICV) at particular segments in the well to monitor and control fluid flow. Comparing BHCs, it was found out that open hole completion yielded the maximum performance whereas gravel pack completion yielded the least. The simulation yielded FOEs of 13.27, 13.04, 13.02 and 12.98% for open hole, cased hole, perforated liner and gravel pack completions, respectively. Application of the intelligent well (IW) as opposed to the conventional cased hole well yielded a 4.06% increment in FOE. The project yielded a 41% reduction in water cut by the intelligent well compared to the conventional well. These were all due to the open-close action of the valves employed in the intelligent well model. This justified the applicability and suitability of intelligent wells in improving oil production by solving unnecessary water production, thus providing better returns on investment. Keywords: Open-hole, Casing, Annular Cementation, Perforated Liner, Pre-slotted liner, Gravel Pack, Intelligent Well, Field Oil Efficiency Cite this Article Perez Antwi Boafo, Victus Kordorwu, Joel Teye Tetteh, et al. Comparative Study between Smart Controls and Conventional Bottom hole Completions. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2016; 6(3): 77–89p.
Study the Effect of Variation of Crude Assay on the Design of Distillation Column
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of variation of crude assay on the design of crude distillation column. Different crudes assay (six samples of Sudanese crude oil) with different properties which are processed at the Khartoum Refinery Company have been simulated using Aspen HYSYS under the same operating conditions in order to identify the effect of this variation. Energy consumption optimization is done by using preheated train heat exchangers to raise the temperature of the crude from 31.2°ð¶ to 198.3°ð¶ (124500 kw has been saved). The simulation process show different products quantities with slightly variation in their purities. Specific products (e.g. naphtha) have been increased from 9.1–11.8%. As a result of that atmospheric residue decreases from 63.8–60.9% by controlling the reflux ratio, pumps around flow rate and using multi-feed locations. The design results are 2.4 m column diameter, 27.6 m height of the column and 54 numbers of trays. Keywords: CDU, simulation, design, control, ASPEN HYSIS
Two-Phase Flow Modelling in Clay Rich Shale
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have made huge strides lately and are bit by bit turning into a pervasive device in science and engineering. In this paper, we present a new mathematical model which adequately describes single and two-phase flow, which considers relative permeability and capillary pressure in water rich clay shale. Furthermore, we implement the two-phase flow model into COMSOL multiphysics software. From the result analysis, it is concluded that the relative permeability and capillary pressure are important properties which describe the simultaneous movement of water and gas phase in unconventional clay-rich shale. Keywords: COMSOL multiphysics, clay rich shale, two phase flow, relative permeability, capillary pressure Cite this Article Bashir H, Wang Y, Abbas AJ. Two-Phase Flow Modelling in Clay Rich Shale. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2016; 6(3): 44–53p.
Construction/Assembling of a Low Cost Adsorption Apparatus for Cored Clay Shales
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> The secret to unlocking these reserves lies in accurate experimental data which in turn depends on the experimental method used. Recently many procedures such as manometric, volumetric and gravimetric have been developed to quantify adsorption. In this paper, we show how to construct/assemble a simple manometric adsorption apparatus for gas adsorption. The setup is inexpensive and can be built easily using part available in university laboratories. Furthermore, it can be used to measure adsorption capacity of different cored materials using different gases at low pressure (< 450 Psia). The laboratorial setup permits the measurement of gas adsorption equilibrium on cored samples with dimensions of 3-inch by 1.5 inch up to 450 Psia at laboratory temperature (23°C), and can also be used at higher temperatures (up to 45°C) by using a water bath. Keywords:<!--[if supportFields]> MACROBUTTON <![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><![endif]--> Manometric apparatus, adsorption, clay rich shale Cite this Article H. Bashir, Y. Wang, A. Abbas. Construction/Assembling of a Low Cost Adsorption Apparatus for Cored Clay Shales. 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A Study on Oil and Gas Processing Facility in a Part of Upper Assam Basin
Crude oil that is produced from the oilfields cannot be directly sent to the refineries for further processing. It must undergo additional processing before being sent to refineries to prevent pipeline corrosion, resolve transportation issues and satisfy the crude specification of the refinery which can be achieved by oil and gas processing facility. It is an integral part of the upstream petroleum industry which meets the required specifications of oil and gas before sent to the refineries. The present work aims to study the typical processes of an oil and gas processing facility to understand the design, control and optimization of such facility in a part of Upper Assam Basin. The study analyses the existing methods for crude oil and gas processing of the study area and an attempt has been made to develop the existing arrangement of the facility to improve the energy efficiency as well as product quality. The new arrangement of the processing facility can be applied to corresponding oil and gas processing facilities in other parts of the world that have the similar arrangement as that of the study area. Keywords: Oilfield, refineries, oil and gas processing facility, basin Cite this Article Himangka Kaushik, Nitish Prasad, Nayan Medhi et al. A Study on Oil and Gas Processing Facility in a Part of Upper Assam Basin. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2016; 6(3): 1–6p.
Effects of Fracture Properties on Oil Recovery in Tight Reservoirs
Unconventional reservoirs, characterized by low permeability are gradually becoming a force to reckon with in today’s world owing to the rapid depletion of conventional resources. However, low oil production from tight reservoirs can be mitigated by implementing hydraulic fracturing. In this study, Schlumberger’s eclipse-100 simulator was used to simulate various scenarios in order to determine the best fracture geometry and the effects of fracture properties on oil recovery. The properties considered were fracture half-length, width and number. Oil recovery from the tight reservoir was found to be 0.47% OIP and the application of hydraulic fracturing increased the recovery to 4.78%. OIP sensitivity analysis was carried out by varying well trajectory, porosity, permeability and wettability. It was found out that, fracture geometry of 300 ft half-length, 1 inch width and a fracture number of 15 is ideal for this reservoir, both technically and economically. An increase in the fracture number affected the spacing greatly. As the number increased, initial production from the reservoir increased. However, cumulative production declined with continued increase in fracture number as spacing decreased. The fracture half-length had a more significant impact on the early time behavior as a result of the fractures reaching further into the reservoir. Increase in fracture width impacted on the late time production behavior of the well by maintaining production for a longer duration. Variations in the reservoir properties after obtaining the optimum case show that hydraulic fracturing is applicable to tight reservoirs. Keywords: Hydraulic fracturing, fracture geometry, recovery factor, oil recovery Cite this Article Fuseinatu Latif, Victus Kordorwu, Kwabena Okyere-Nyako et al. Effects of Fracture Properties on Oil Recovery in Tight Reservoirs. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2016; 6(3): 12–31p.
Well Injectivity Management during Geological Carbon Sequestration Activity
It is well known that the saline aquifer formations are considered very reliable candidates for carbon sequestration because of their wide availability and they have good storage capacity. Due to high formation salinity, there a big concern about bore formation dry out resulting from the salt precipitation in the form of halite (NaCl). The mutual solubility between CO2 and brine is responsible for creating the salt deposits, this processes may take place in three ways: (1) when CO2 dissolves in the brine it increases the brine density; (2) when CO2 dissolves in the brine it reacts with water and forms carbonic acid (H2CO3); (3) H2O dissolves or vaporizes into CO2 stream, removing water from the brine and increasing its salinity; as the salt concentration increases, this leads to dry-out and salting-out. When the brine salinity increases, the dissolution of CO2 will dissolve. If this phenomenon takes place, it will cause reduction in the well injectivity and this will lead to pressure build up problems. In oil industry, the formation damage i.e. reduction in the permeability is attributed to the clay swelling when it comes in contact with water. The permeability is an important property of porous media, many engineers and geologists intensively studied this property and their main concern is always about the formation damage. In this experimental work, the focus was about the well injectivity and how it can be improved. As mentioned earlier, due to high NaCl concentration, the salt will be precipitated in the near well bore and it will cause reduction in the aquifer permeability and porosity and consequently the well injectivity will be affected. The dilution of aquifer salinity by periodic pumping of the sea water (salinity 3.5%) will assist in improving the well injectivity. In this work, the studied core samples (gray Berea sandstone and Parker sandstone) were saturated with different brine solutions (10, 15, 20 and 26.4%), the core flow tests were carried out for the above mentioned core samples before and after dilution by sea water utilizing the experimental set up (Figure 1), and the results are shown in Tables 3–6. It was observed that the dilution by seawater assisted in improving the CO2 flow rates; this means that the injectivity will be increased. The main objective is to improve the well injectivity and increase the solubility trapping mechanism. Keywords: Aquifer salinity, porosity, permeability, CO2 storage, well injectivity Cite this Article Benashor M, Nourian A, Nasr G et al. Well Injectivity Management during Geological Carbon Sequestration Activity. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2016; 6(3): 32–43p.
Designing Methodology for Identifying Different Types of Influx Entering in A Well Bore During Drilling and Study of Influx Behavior
Drillers frequently encounter kick in drilling operations. Kick refers to the unwanted entry of formation fluid into the well bore. Primary well control and secondary well control are used to control influx entry into a well during drilling operations. Primary well control refers to making the overbalance by the hydrostatic pressure exerted by drilling fluid on the formation pressure. Secondary well control refers to controlling the kick through the use of BOPs. BOPs consist of annular preventers, pipe ram, shear ram and blind ram. Reservoir fluid entering the well bore during drilling or tripping is called influx. Influx encountered in a well bore could be oil, water and gas or their mixture. Behavior of all the influxes is different. For example- if a gas influx is encountered, it percolates upwards in the annulus while if water it there it just mixes with the drilling fluid and causes a reduction in its density. The behavior of gas influx in open well and closed well condition is different and complex. In this paper, the behavior of different types of influxes encountered in a well bore has been thoroughly studied and a methodology for understanding the type of well influx that has entered the well bore has been designed. Keywords: Kick, influx behavior, influx identification, well control Cite this Article Pulkit Chaudhary, Deepankar Chadha. Designing Methodology for Identifying Different Types of Influx Entering in A Well Bore During Drilling and Study of Influx Behavior. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2016; 6(3): 7–11p.
Real-time Gas Lift Valve to Enhance Well Performance
Optimum production from a gas lift well mainly depends on proper injection gas quantity; injection pressure and depth of injection and gas lift valve performance. The quality of down hole gas lift valves plays a crucial role in achieving maximum efficiency of a gas lift system and uninterrupted oil and gas production. Gas lift valves can aid in the unloading and produce of a well. With the valves properly spaced and correctly pressured and proper selection of the port size, unloading proceeds in a stage-by-stage, valve-by-valve manner to the ideal point of lift, and maximum liquid production is reached. But if well situations change or if the gas lift design data was not very perfect, maximum liquid production is not achieved. Improper valve location, improper setting of operating pressures and gas pass at more than one point can stop wells from achieving maximum production. In this paper, smart gas lift valve which allows the port size of the gas lift to be remotely adjusted from the surface used computer program to determination of gas passage through the valve in order to distil real-time data on gas lift valve, on their turn these data are finally used for implementing conscious and forward looking control actions, ultimate results are, improved production profitability due to increased production rate, decreased operations cost and developed availability. Also the paper will address how smart gas lift valve will gain large benefits with different scenarios in natural flow and gas lift wells, will be illustrated in this paper; also investigate the effect of the valve port size, depth of injection on well productivity. The results show that smart gas lift valve can be used to control the amount of gas injection from down hole that leads to improve tubing well head pressure and enhanced well production and also indicated that the optimum opening is at 50% for both injection pressure rates. Keywords: Gas lift optimization, the effect of port size, depth effect
High Oil Recovery using Traditional Water-flooding under Compliance of the Planned Development Mode
The dynamics and performance of major oil deposits in late (final) stage of development of large oil fields are given the current rates of oil recovery. The high oil recoveries are resulted as a consequence of the favorable geological and physical characteristics of the development objects, application of development systems and optimal density well spacing, adequate geological structure, maintain during the process of the development the optimal rates of technological development, the modes of operation of wells and a project of the fund of production wells, continuous improvement of the project systems taking into account the dynamics of the reserves development and the clarification of the geological structure. Keywords: Average project oil recovery, oil recovery, recovery factor, well spacing, EOR Cite this Article Sudad H. Al-Obaidi. High oil recovery using traditional water-flooding under compliance of the planned development mode. Journal of Petroleum Engineering and Technology. 2016; 6(2): 48–53p.
Contemplation of Coal Bed Methane in Petroleum Industry
The hunger for energy has been on its peak since industrialization. The human race has been trying all hook and crook in order to discover new sources of energy. In today’s world, a minor portion of the energy requirement basket is being filled up by unconventional non-hydrocarbon resources but still the majority of it is filled by unconventional and conventional hydrocarbon resources. The conventional hydrocarbon resources are oil and natural gas while the unconventional hydrocarbon resources include shale gas and coal bed methane. Coal bed methane is one of the most important upcoming unconventional hydrocarbon resources. It is the gas which is adsorbed on coal and is extracted by de-pressuring coal seams through de-watering. The reservoir pressure of CBM reservoirs is very less hence an artificial lift to de-water well is required at the very first day of production. The sand production is very high in CBM wells as sand is used in hydraulic fracturing. To handle the excess sand, the most extensively used artificial lifts are progressive cavity pumps and electrical submersible pumps. In the present study, an analysis of total potential CBM reserves in India and around the world has been made. The paper presents the future prospects of CBM and its effective production. Keywords: Unconventional, Coal bed methane, production, progressive cavity pumps, hydro-fracturing
The Effects of Dissolved Sodium Chloride (NaCl) on Well Injectivity during CO2 Storage into Saline Aquifers
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG /> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> Among different options proposed for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage and sequestration, saline formations seem promising due to their wide availability and potentially large storage capability. As supercritical (SC) CO2 is injected into the formation, a variety of coupled processes take place. Halite precipitation requires particular interest due to its potentially significant impact on permeability impairment, and thus reduction of injectivity in the near well bore region. The selected candidate for carbon dioxide (CO2) storage should meet the technical requirements of sealing integrity, storage capacity (potential) and containment. After the commencement of carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into high salinity formations, formation-dry-out due to salt precipitation in the near wellbore will take place and this causes permeability and injectivity reduction. This work focuses on experimental work. The experimental work investigations studied the effectiveness dilution of high sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions with sea water and its contribution in improving the injectivity. After saturating the sandstone core samples with different brine solutions, linear core flow tests using nitrogen gas (N2) were carried out. The saturated samples in diluted solutions for castlegate sandstone sample showed increase in the flow rate from 4 L/min at 50 psi to 5 L/min at the same pressure, and this indicates that the injectivity would be increased. Halite precipitation requires particular interest due to its potentially significant impact on permeability impairment, and thus reduction of injectivity in the near well bore region. 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