Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits
Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits (JoEECC) is an international e Journal focusing on the publication of on going research & reviews in the field of Energy, Environment and Carbon Credits (carbon emissions). Focus and Scope Covers: Energy Issues Energy planning and Energy policy Energy Management Environmental Engineering Greenhouse Gases Emission trading Pollution control & Management of Natural Resource
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Abstract Over last decades, how to improve the operational efficiency is the main focus for the development and for the communication at low price which leads to new opportunity for everyone. It can be expect that in coming years the North America will shift itself towards generation natural gas-fired from coal plant. The new opportunity created by the solar and wind power also leads to new challenges. The electric vehicles are the result of the revolution created in electronic industries by the advanced technology to store the energy. The increasing cost of electricity and its demands become the reason for formation of future grid, which is sustainable, strong and very resilient. Keywords: Operational efficiency, electronic industries, demands, generation, challenges Cite this Article Vishal Bhushan Tiwari, Shailendra Kumar, VS Chandel et al. Future Grids. Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits. 2017; 7(2): 22–25p.
Air Pollution in Gwalior Region: A Review
Abstract Air pollution causes many fitness issues in the city regions. Recently, the air pollution repute in Gwalior has gone through many adjustments in phrases of the ranges of pollutants and the manage measures taken to reduce them. This study offers an evidence-primarily based on the perception and the repute of air pollution in Gwalior and its results on fitness and control measures instituted. As consistent with WHO 2016 said that Gwalior is a pinnacle maximum air polluted city in India and second in international degree. Out of 20 cities within the global with dirtiest air, thirteen are from India automobiles that are the primary contributors in air pollution, rather than speedy industrialization. Urbanization has effected in the materialization of industrial facilities without a corresponding rise in civic application and pollution manages mechanism. In all metro cities like Gwalior has an air pollution stage which exceeds as per the World Health Organization acceptable limits. Keywords: Air quality, air pollution, human health Cite this Article Bhupendra Singh Narwaria Ramesh M. Air Pollution in Gwalior Region: A Review. Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits. 2017; 7(2): 1–6p.
Damping Techniques for Controlling Edgewise Vibration of Wind Turbine Blades
Abstract Edgewise vibrations with low aerodynamic damping are of particular concern in modern multi-megawatt wind turbines, as large amplitude cyclic oscillations may significantly shorten the life-time of wind turbine components, and even lead to structural damages or failures. In this paper, five types of damping methods are studied. The tuned liquid dampers utilize the sloshing motion of the fluid to suppress structural vibrations and become a natural candidate for damping vibrations in rotating wind turbine blades. The actuator damping control is based on a pair of actuators/active tendons mounted inside each blade, allowing a variable control force to be applied in the edgewise direction. The roller damper is used to keep in control the centrifugal acceleration of the rotating blade with a relatively small mass ratio for suppressing edgewise vibrations effectively. The magneto rheological (MR) dampers are mounted inside blades and appropriately manipulated according to a prescribed control system which produces the required voltage to be input to the damper so that a desirable damper force can be produced. The viscoelastic foam dampers are sandwiched in between two damping elements to absorb varying intensities of winds without extra provisions. A comparative study based on a number of parameters is carried out on the five dampers and their respective conclusions are drawn. The conclusions show the configuration of the damper in the turbine blade to give maximum efficiency and effective damping during operation. Keywords: Edgewise vibrations, wind turbine blades, magnetorheological dampers Cite this Article Rahul S. Patil, Sandip A. Kale. Damping Techniques for Controlling Edgewise Vibration of Wind Turbine Blades. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2017; 7(2): 26–33p.
Abstract Concern regarding environmental issues and energy consumption is been rising from last few decades. Though the world is transiting towards renewable energy, even today 60% of the worlds energy needs are met by fossil fuels only which in turn is leading to environmental concern and scarcity of natural resources. Construction sector is one of the major areas of energy consumption in this regard. Building sustainably is subject to sensible use of green building systems and techniques. This paper provides a brief review about what precisely is a green building. Further, the paper deals with environmental impacts during pre-construction and post-construction stages, and alternative sustainable methods. The outcome of this study would be helpful in selecting effective methods and material for space cooling heating and lighting for sustainable construction. Keywords: Green buildings, pre-construction, post-construction Cite this Article Madhushree KJ, Karthik N. Outline of Green Building Technologies. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2017; 7(2): 12–16p.
Hazardous Waste Management In INDIA: A Review
Abstract The review of this study is to collect varied examination studies obtainable by completely different researchers for the management of harmful wastes through different techniques. Harmful waste is the waste that possesses harmful or hidden threat to human health or the surroundings. So to diminish environmental harmful proper attention is needed through disposal of that waste, since it cannot be produced by common means like different by product of our daily uses. Rapidly growing industries within the environment had contributed within the production of huge part of harmful waste product. The source of harmful waste is essentially the agricultural and agro-industries, medical facilities, business centres, family and therefore the informal sectors. Keywords: Social acceptance, termolyses, environment consciousness, conflicts, waste management Cite this Article Nishima Chaddha, Ramesh M. Hazardous Waste Management in India: A Review. Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits. 2017; 7(2): 7–11p.
MFC IN DOMESTIC WASTE TREATMENT PLANT – AN INNOVATIVE STEP TOWARDS ENERGY GENERATION AND WASTE REDUCTION
Abstract Microbial fuel cell is the latest green technology for degradation of bio-waste and generation of bio-electricity. In this technology the chemical energy in the organic matter is degraded by the micro-organism producing electrons and hydrogen ions. The movement of these electrons and hydrogen ions produce electricity. The use of costly electrode materials in MFC made this a costly technology. In this work we have tried to fabricate one of the cost efficient and effective single chamber MFC from the easily accessible and cheaper electrode material such as galvanized iron and copper. The inlet of primary and secondary waste water treatment plant is used as a substrate in this MFC at ambient temperature and under aerobic condition. The COD of the sample used in the MFC is analyzed at frequent intervals till there is efficient power generation from the MFC. The total energy generated from these two samples is compared with the COD reduction. Maximum power density of 3.12 W/m2 and 32.15 W/m2 were observed for inlet of primary and secondary treatment similarly the maximum voltages of 1.15 V and 3.2 V were observed for inlet of primary and secondary treatment, respectively. In both the substrates the COD reduction is almost the same that is 87.9 % and 87.0 % inlet of primary and secondary treatment. Though the COD reduction in both of these substrates are same but the measure portion shows that in spite of both the substrates having same COD reduction, in primary inlet the major portion of the bacteria does not result in electricity generation as like secondary inlet. Thus from this study we conclude that the installation of MFC at the inlet of secondary wastewater treatment would fetch better result. But before bringing up in real time application further detail investigation of other influential parameter need to be analyzed. Keywords: Copper, domestic wastewater treatment plant, galvanized iron, primary treatment and secondary treatment Cite this Article Meena Kumari, Monika Sogani, Kumar Sonu. MFC in Domestic Waste Treatment Plant—an Innovative Step towards Energy Generation and Waste Reduction. Journal of Energy, Environment & Carbon Credits. 2017; 7(2): 17–21p.
Strategies for Reduction of Carbon Emission in India: A Policy Review
Road transport is accountable for considerable emissions in the atmosphere in the form of carbon content, nitrogen, sulphur and other particulate matter. The average annual concentration of suspended particulate matter is very high in the Indian cities reaching the threshold of the prescribed critical levels set by the WHO. It has been observed that environmental pollution control policies have minimum impact on the CO2 emission(1) This review contributes a reassessment of carbon gas emissions in Indian cities and centered on the government policy on biofuel which shows lack of scientific knowledge and awareness in the implementing agencies. We have suggested the fuel adaptability measures like the use of bio-fuels and bioconversion of carbon to biofuel and other byproducts. Still India desired to explore the growth and awareness in the field of Biofuel Mission to overcome the technological barriers.
Energy Yield from Biomass: A Case Study of a Village in Uttar Pradesh
Due to enormous rising demand of fossil fuel and environmental threat, there is a need to expedite the harnessing of renewable sources of energy for sustainable development. The renewable energy resources are vast sources for alternative energy production without endangering our environment and causing threat of climate change. Out of the several resources, the biomass resource is discussed in this paper. Biomass is one of the most potential sources of renewable energy which opens up enormous potential for sustainable economic growth. While bio-energy has always played a critical role in the world’s energy mix, its role in the future will be a lot more prominent than now. Any credible energy scenario for the coming decades depends on the massive expansion of both energy efficiency as well as a broad mix of renewable energies, including bio-energy. Bio-energy poses large opportunities, but can also have very serious risks and side-effects if managed poorly. Biomass used as a sustainable fuel that stands out from other fuels because of major socio-economic benefits that can be achieved. It is also widely available and used in villages as well as cities easily. Here, the use of waste matter generated from day-to-day life from village can be handled and managed properly through energy conversion process. A survey of Aldampur village in the Lucknow District has been undertaken by the authors to analyze the energy content of biomass resources of the village – agricultural waste, cattle waste, domestic waste and human wastes. There are several ways of utilization of biomass resources, namely direct combustion, thermo-chemical conversion and bio-chemical conversion. The paper discusses all the three routes of biomass resources in meeting the energy needs of the village. The route of biomass gasification for production of electricity in the village has also been explored. An attempt has been made to find ways to gain energy from biomass to improve the rural electrification condition in the village. The proper energy planning of rural waste utilisation can resolve the problem of waste generation and handling by use of various biomass technologies. An energy planning can be established and can be run a chain of rural energy services with various devices and technology within CDM (Clean Development Mechanism). Given the range of issues bio-energy touches, standards are to be formulated in a multi-stakeholder process in very near future to ensure the sustainable development in the villages, particularly in Uttar Pradesh. Keywords: Biomass, Electricity Production, CDM (Clean Development Mechanism), Sustainable Development.
URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION: A STUDY ON AIR POLLUTION IN VISAKHAPATNAM CITY
Environmental Impact Assessment is a method of evaluating environmental changes and consequences which area caused by the developmental activities such as industrialization, urbanization, water resource developments, new transport and communication systems, etc. Visakhapatnam is a fast developing port city and recording rapid rate of urbanization. This rapid growth is creating in its wake serious gaps between what is desirable and what actually gained, in the matter of keeping the city clean. In this context, the study is an attempt to provide a quantitative assessment of air pollution concentrations at selected locations in the study area and the study is confined to main city core area. The study was to assess the pollution concentration levels from selected points in the city of Visakhapatnam. Based on the sources of pollution and land use pattern six sample locations were selected in the city. Three locations were selected from industrial area, two from commercial and one from residential area. The ambient air quality survey has been carried out in six monitoring stations for SPM, RSPM, SO2 and NOX and finally the air quality Indices have been calculated. The procedure for measurement of these pollutants is by installing the equipment “Respirable Dust High Volume Air Sampler” at selected locations in the city and air samples were collected and analyzed. The results are average value of 24 hours of observation period. The major pollutants of concern are SPM and RSPM which exceeded the permissible limits. The concentrations of SO2 and NOX are also exceeded the standards in industrial area. Air quality has been analyzed at six sampling sites and the analysis of data revels that the levels of SO2 are quite high and have been crossed the ambient air quality limits at all locations in industrial area. Keywords: Air Quality, Air Pollution, EIA, Visakhapatnam
A Review paper on Renewable Energy Power Generation
Wind is one of the most useful sources of energy. This energy can be utilized in various manners to obtain desired results. The device discussed here utilizes wind energy for generation of power sufficient enough to charge mobile phones and other low power devices. The wind flowing past by motion of locomotives and vehicles is generally lost due to lack of equipment to utilize it. This device meets the property of such equipment to a desired extent. Keywords: Solar energy, Wind, Magnetic Flux, Electric Field
A review on future aspect of renewable energy resources for a clean and green energy production
This paper shows the problems existing in conventional methods for producing electricity and presents an overview of various renewable energy producing technologies that are being developed to encourage renewable energy. A concise overview of the India and world power scenario is stated and its benefits and limitation of conventional generation are outlined. In addition the development of renewable energies in India and world has been examined. Also the present and future scope of elaboration inIndia and world on renewable energy scenariois briefly overviewed. Micro-grid control is elevating technology in the operation of advent micro-grid into regular grid. Since solar, wind and gas-fired energies mostly based on statistical criterion with respect to changing environment Therefore favorable combination and sizing design of amalgamcreation system considering the energy storage battery has a very important role in the use of renewable energy effectively and economically. At present we have the technologies of generation and implementation of these renewable sources to overcome the limitation of conventional energy resources. Key words: Limitation of petroleum, Coal plant retirements, Fossil Fuels, Wind and solar power, Gas-fired reproduction, Electric drives, Energy storage, Renewable Energy Storage, Maintaining grid resiliency with micro grids.
Optimal Operation of Self-Sustainable Green Microgrid in Deregulated Power Sector
This paper presents the concept of self-sustainable green microgrid consisting of renewable energy sources like wind, solar etc. The intermittent nature of renewable energy sources has been taken into account by using pump storage unit, which stores the surplus green energy. The novelty of the work lies in the fact that green energy has been utilized as, when available, to the maximum of its capacity, and given priority over thermal generation to serve local loads within the microgrid; thus making it self-sustainable. The optimization aimed at maximization of social benefit has been carried out using double auction model considering all loads as dispatchable. The work has been analyzed on 7 bus test system simulated as green microgrid. Keywords: Dispatchable load, green microgrid, pump storage system, renewable energy sources, self-sustainable, social benefit Cite this Article Jasmine Kaur, Yog Raj Sood, Rajnish Shrivastava. Optimal Operation of SelfSustainable Green Microgrid in Deregulated Power Sector. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(3): 19–25p.
Analysis of Efficiency Loss in AlGaAs/GaAs Hetero-junction Solar Cell
Energy conversion efficiency is a major issue for photovoltaic cells. One of the main challenges of modern day research is to improve the efficiency level of photovoltaic devices by introducing new materials and advanced concepts. The target is to reach a high efficiency level within affordable cost, which will lead to a mass generation of electricity using photovoltaic devices. III-V hetero-junction solar cell has been introduced and characterized here, which uses an AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs hetero-junction as the working p-n junction. Energy conversion efficiency for each design was calculated from its corresponding light J-V characteristics curve. Fill factor and efficiency loss was calculated for each mole fraction of 0 to 1 with a gap of 0.01. Here, exclusively an idea of which particular composition of AlGaAs minimizes the effect of defects in GaAs/AlGa AS solar cell has been presented. It also presents a picture of trade-off between efficiency and lifetime, as lifetime is directly related with the amount of defects and thus will open new doors for analyzing different material compositions for efficient solar cells. Keywords: Solar cells, hetero junctions, PV cells Cite this Article Jawad Ahsan Sadi M, Adnan Siraj Rakin. Analysis of Efficiency Loss in AlGaAs/GaAs Hetero-junction Solar Cell. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(3): 26–33p.
Thyroid Disorders in Regard to Aetiology, Clinical Patterns, Management
Thyroid disorders are one of the important and common endocrine problems encountered in clinical and occupational practice in all age groups more frequently in women and in adult population. Amongst all the functional thyroid disorders, hypothyroidism is far more common than hyperthyroidism. Recognition of this condition at an early stage can delay the progression to overt disease. Appropriate use of biochemical test, i.e., thyroid function test can delineate practically all thyroid disorders. In this respect, a comprehensive study in patients with thyroid disorders has been carried out at Medical Services, Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), Hyderabad during January 2014 to December 2014. A total no of 136 cases were studied and evaluated with regard to their aetiology, clinical presentation, biochemical parameters and associated other chronic diseases. This study has attempted to explore the prevalence of various thyroid disorders, (i.e., 1.1%) and the profile of affected population. In our study among the surveyed (registered) population, 57 (41%) cases predominantly were found to be having goitre, rest were suffering from nongoitruous thyroid disorder. It was also noticed that a good no of patients (12) with subclinical hypothyroidism was associated with Diabetes mellitus and 12 had Dyslipidaemia. Patients with thyroid nodule needs to be subjected to sensitive TSH assays, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and high resolution ultrasonography (HRUSG) to rule out malignant conditions. It is necessary to have high index of suspicion in diagnosing and managing the patients with various thyroid disorders. Early and effective therapy reduces symptoms, improves the quality of life and thus reduces the morbidity as well as mortality. Keywords: Asymptomatic, Thyroid disorders, Symptoms, Function, Dyslipidaemia Cite this Article Vijay Rao J. Thyroid Disorders in Regard to Aetiology, Clinical Patterns, Management. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(3): 34–42p.
Numerical Simulation of Entrained-flow Coal Gasification: A Study on Particles History
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:UseFELayout /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> Studies of coal particle history during coal gasification inside the gasifier are very limited. A comprehensive 3D numerical simulation of entrained-flow coal gasification is conducted. The Eulerian-Lagrangian approach is applied to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and the particle dynamics. The finite rate/eddy dissipation model is used to calculate the rate of gasgas phase reactions, whereas only finite rates are used for solid-gas phase reactions. Turbulence is calculated using the standard k–É› model; the radiation energy is calculated using the discrete ordinates model. The changes in coal particle history such as travelling path, conversion, and position are explained in detail. The calculated outlet species concentrations and centerline gas temperature are compared with those of experimental results. CO and H2 (syngas) were found produced mainly in the reductor during coal gasification, whereas a high-temperature gas with more CO2 and H2O is produced in the combustor. The behavior of combustor coal particles in coal gasification was found to differ significantly from that of reductor coal particles. The average path length for 70 µm particles in the combustor is very large (15.5 m) compared to the 10 µm particles (2.5 m). Keywords: Particles history, numerical simulation, coal gasification, coal conversion Cite this Article M.S. Alam, A.T. Wijayanta, K. Nakaso, et al. Numerical Simulation of Entrained-flow Coal Gasification: A Study on Particles History. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(3): 9–18p. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" LatentStyleCount="156"> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <mce:style><! /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:#0400; mso-fareast-language:#0400; mso-bidi-language:#0400;} -->
New Delhi ‘Odd–Even II’: A Hasty Repeat
Three months after Odd–Even I, Delhi government again came forward with Odd–Even phase II experiment during April 15–30, 2016 without making any change in the rules of ‘Odd– Even’ phase I. This time too, the pollution level was not improved. Results indicated that the levels of PM2.5 and ozone were showing poor air quality at various sites in the city. At Institute of Human Behaviour and Allied Sciences, Dilshad Garden, on April 14, 2016 one day before implementation of rule the PM2.5 level was recorded as 71µg/m3 which corresponded with value of Air Quality Index (AQI) 137. While on April 15, 2016 the first day 110µg/m3 which corresponded with value of AQI 267. Similarly, increasing levels of PM2.5 were obtained at various sites, i.e., Shadipur, Mandir Marg, ISBT Anand Vihar, R.K. Puram and Punjabi Bagh. These elevated values suggested that there was no improvement in air quality during implementation of the toughest calls for public well fare. Instead of decreasing, the pollution level went up because of several reasons such as climatic conditions, violation of rules by public and interference of other sources, etc. One important fact that Delhi is situated in the region where particulate matter levels are naturally high due to suspended atmospheric dust was ignored for choosing the timings of this trial. In order to differentiate the impact of vehicular traffic versus industrial emissions and road dust vs automobile exhaust, such kind of trials should have been conducted during monsoon season when dust is scavenged by the rain. In the months of July and August soil is generally wet and suspension of road dust and construction dust is also very least. Keywords: Odd–Even II, assessment, traffic air pollution, particulate matter, urban area Cite this Article Yogender Singh, Umesh Kulshrestha. New Delhi ‘Odd–Even II’: A Hasty Repeat. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(3): 1–8p.
Understanding the Factors Responsible for Groundwater Contamination in Parts of Southwest Punjab, India
Availability of fresh water in sufficient quantities is a major challenge as demand for groundwater resources has increased many folds for drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes in recent years. This study is significant as the groundwater resources are being exploited indiscriminately in Mansa district. This article presents the current scenario of groundwater quality and also emphasizes the factors and processes governing the geochemical nature of groundwater. Hydrochemical data suggests that sodium is the major cation and bicarbonate and sulphate are the major anions. The fluoride concentration in the study was found to vary from 0.39 to 5.72 mg/L and about 53% of the total samples measured showed fluoride concentration above the WHO guideline value (1.5 mg/L). Consumption of this groundwater for drinking purposes might cause detrimental health effects. Nitrate concentration ranged from 0.3 to 240 mg/L and almost 36% of the total samples measured are contaminated (WHO: 50 mg/L). Groundwater in this district is mostly Na-Mg-HCO3, Na-HCO3-SO4 and Na-SO4-Cl types. Major ion chemistry along with hydrogeology and geology indicate that high fluoride in groundwater is mostly derived from rock weathering facilitated by high bicarbonate content. The groundwater also showed low Ca2+ and high Na+ which is a commonly observed phenomenon in high F- groundwater. Nitrate concentration is mostly contributed by fertilizer application; however, a significant portion of nitrate was also contributed by industrial effluents. Regular monitoring of water quality along with water levels would help authorities to plan judicious use of groundwater resources in this region. Keywords: Groundwater, fluoride, nitrate, water quality, hydrochemistry Cite this Article Diana Anoubam Sharma, Rishi Madhuri S, Tirumalesh Keesari. Understanding the Factors Responsible for Groundwater Contamination in Parts of Southwest Punjab, India. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(2): 7–23p.
CRITICAL ASSESSMENT OF ‘ODD AND EVEN’ IN DELHI
Due to rapid growth of Delhi city and nearby areas, air pollution problem is everybody's concern. In spite of some measures taken by the government, the levels of air pollutants have increased drastically, especially during past two decades. Recently, the Delhi government called for odd-even trial during January 1–15, 2016. In general, the trial was successful for saving travelling time across the city destinations. However, the results indicated no significant reduction in PM2.5, PM10 and CO levels at various sites in the city. At Anand Vihar site, PM2.5 level was recorded as 381 μg/m3 on 31st December 2015 before the implementation of the odd-even trial while 400 μg/m3 on January 1st, 2016. Similarly, CO level was 108 μg/m3on 31st December, 2015 and 113 μg/m3 on January 1st, 2016 suggesting no significant change in the values. Nevertheless, the exercise suggested that the public of Delhi is highly disciplined and can march in tune with the difficult calls of government for any common cause of community life. The experiment is seen as social networking tool which compelled people to come closer for sharing the vehicles. Since, the particulate matter is naturally high due to suspension of soil and road dust in north India, such trials should be done in the months of July and August when soil is relatively wet and road dust suspension is minimum. Keywords: Delhi city, odd-even trial, air pollution, PM 2.5, vehicular exhaust
Community participation in enhancing actions on environment and Disaster Management
The integral part of development considered is environment. Individual’s environment has an impact that also affects the well-being and welfare of the community. It has been depicted that in developing countries due to the absence of environmental legislation the environmental protection has been limited resulting in the creation of environmental problems in third world countries. Therefore community participation in development projects is necessary due to lack of legislation to protect human rights as well as the environment. Once the event has got underway, disasters can become unmanageable. Therefore to prevent the losses, certain preventive steps and mitigation steps must be taken. Control over the disaster event would be usually lost during its occurrence if the community is not well prepared. The disruption by a disaster can be reduced if each individual in the community is familiar with ways of coping and precautionary measures. The main objective of this study is that the local authorities and NGOs should interact and integrate with the community and gather basic information to have a general description about the community regarding its nature, needs and resources for disaster risk reduction. The term paper depicts about the relationship between environment and disaster management and the preventive steps taken to create awareness among community to actively participate and work for the welfare and well being of nation.
Dynamic Economic Environmental Dispatch of Electric Power Generation using TVAC-PSO
This research aims to propose solution to the dynamic non-convex economic load dispatch problem along with emission minimization using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The primitive solution of dynamic economic load dispatch (DELD) problem is to schedule the allocated generator outputs optimally so as to meet the required load demand of particular interval at minimum generation cost, while satisfying (i) all equality and inequality operational constraints and (ii) to reduce emission level. In this work, the DELD problem has been addressed using TVAC-TVIW PSO considering three cases viz. (i) with transmission losses (ii) generator ramp-rate limits and prohibited operating zones (iii) emission minimisation. The feasibility and effectiveness of the TVAC-TVIW PSO method are tested on the three cases with a test system having 10 units for the duration of 24 h with load-demand variation at each hour. Results are compared with the other contemporary methods and found effective in minimising generation cost while reducing emission. The scope of this work is to aid market operator to schedule generations at minimum cost. Keywords: Dynamic economic dispatch, emission reduction, valve-point effect, ramp-rate limits, and prohibited zones, particle swarm optimization Cite this Article Patel Nilesh K, Suthar Bhavik N. Dynamic Economic Environmental Dispatch of Electric Power Generation using TVAC-PSO. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(2):30–39p.
Pollution can be defined as the introduction of substances or energy (heat, radiation, noise) into the environment resulting in harmful effect to the environment by humans either knowingly or unknowingly; whereas, contamination is the presence of elevated concentration of substances in the environment, food etc., which may not necessarily be harmful or a nuisance. Pollution involves contamination, but contamination need not include pollution. Or when harmful substances contaminate the environment it is called pollution, or pollution refers to the very bad condition of environment in terms of quantity and quality. Keywords: Pollution, environment, food, contamination, living organisms Cite this Article Parul Singh. Impact of Different Types of Pollution. Journal of Energy Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(2):24–29p.
Nutritional Status of Women Employees in Nuclear Fuel Industry at Hyderabad
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves /> <w:TrackFormatting /> <w:PunctuationKerning /> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas /> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF /> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables /> <w:SnapToGridInCell /> <w:WrapTextWithPunct /> <w:UseAsianBreakRules /> <w:DontGrowAutofit /> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark /> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp /> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables /> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx /> <w:Word11KerningPairs /> <w:CachedColBalance /> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math" /> <m:brkBin m:val="before" /> <m:brkBinSub m:val=" " /> <m:smallFrac m:val="off" /> <m:dispDef /> <m:lMargin m:val="0" /> <m:rMargin m:val="0" /> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup" /> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440" /> <m:intLim m:val="subSup" /> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr" /> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--> Anaemia is not a disease but a sign, with its own symptoms, of some other disorder in the body which is affecting the blood. ‘Anaemia’ actually means ‘lack of blood’ whether it is due to destruction of the ‘corpuscles’ that make up the blood, due to lack of iron, vitamins or other chemicals or due to partial or total failure of the bone marrow. Every clinician has faced the same plaintive query many a time. Just before the patient leaves the chamber: “Doctor, please give me something to restore my strength”. It is a common practice to prescribe a B-complex syrup/capsule and send the patient. But perhaps, that is not the full answer. Strength is the ability of muscles to respond with full and optimum power when so demanded by the body. It stands for the vigor of life, the ‘raring to go’ feeling and ultimately the key to a successful career, be it as a young sports hero, a working person, a busy housewife or a loving mother. It is estimated that about 30% of the world’s population of about 6000 million, are anaemic. More than half of these cases of anaemia are due to iron deficiency. Anaemia accounts for more than 800 million cases. The objective was to study the nutritional status of women employees, to detect prevalence of anaemia in women employees and to know if the effect of life style on nutrition has any role in contributing to anaemia. Methodology included the periodic medical checkup reports of women employees from January 2013 to December 2014 and a questionnaire which included questions related to their day to day work/habits. Investigations of vitamin B12, vitamin D3, iron, TIBC, transferrin saturation and TSH were done. Individuals, whose haemoglobin (Hb) was below 12.5 mg/dl were included in the study. Severity of anaemia was graded as Hb levels: between 12.5 and 9 mg/dl as mild grade, 9 to 6 mg/dl as moderate grade and below 6 mg/dl as severe grade. Out of total 451 women employees, 275 were found to be anaemic; of this, 95.06% were of mild grade, 4.94% moderate grade and severe grade NIL. All co-morbid conditions like, known case of diabetes, hypertension, hypothyroidism and asthma, were also considered. Keywords: Anaemia, haemoglobin, iron, life style Cite this Article Vijay Rao J. Nutritional Status of Women Employees in Nuclear Fuel Industry at Hyderabad. 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Bioremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Ecosystem Using Mixed Microbial Population on Polluted Areas
Bioremediation utilizes the capability of microorganism to degrade all toxic wastes. This emerging technology is a promising method for the effective treatment of contaminated soil and water. This work investigates the possible methods to enhance the rate of natural bioremediation of hydrocarbons in a more effective, efficient, economical and environmentally friendly way. The bioremediation processes in this research was applied to a crude oil polluted ecosystem with a high level of contamination originated from a well head. The effect on pH, turbidity, biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and total hydrocarbon content (THC) was evaluated. These effects were monitored during the process of bioremediation. Mixed microbial population method to enhance the rate of biodegradation was applied. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aspergillus niger and their combination was applied separately for the treatment. Results showed that all bioremediation agents applied enhanced the natural bioremediation of the contaminated soil and water and the best result was obtained with treatments using their combination (APSPS-W). THC removal of 99.5% (4763.8-68), 98.9% (4948.9-110) and 98.5%(4832.8-162) for the samples remediated with APSPS-W, ASPS-W and PSPS-W and a pH of 9.0, 8.0 and 8.3 for soil and 9.3, 8.2 and 8.5 for water, respectively was observed in the 49 days experiment. Keywords: Aspergillus, bioremediation, contamination, hydrocarbon, Pseudomonas aeruginosa Cite this Article Kenoll OB, Ebitei S. Bioremediation of Crude Oil Polluted Ecosystem using Mixed Microbial Population on Polluted Areas. Journal of Energy, Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(1): 16–24p.
Effect of Acidic Environment (H2SO4) on Concrete with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Pozzolana
With increasing demand and consumption of cement, researchers and scientist are in search of developing alternate binders that are ecofriendly and contribute towards waste management. The utilization of industrial and agricultural waste produced by industrial processes has been the focus on waste reduction. One of the agro waste sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) which is a fibrous waste product obtained from sugar mills as byproduct is taken for study area. This experimental and analytical study investigates the durability of M35 concrete mix using ordinary Portland cement and sugarcane bagasse ash as partial replacement in ordinary Portland cement. Sugarcane bagasse ash was obtained by burning of sugarcane at 700 to 800°C in sugar refining industry; bagasse ash obtained from burning was grounded until the particles passed the 90 micron sieve. The disposal of this material is already causing environmental problems around the sugar factories. In this project objective is to study the influence of partial replacement of Portland cement with sugarcane bagasse ash in concrete subjected to different acidic environments. The variable factors considered in this study were concrete grade of M35 and curing periods of 28, 60, 90 days of the concrete specimens in 1, 3, and 5% of sulfuric acid in water for curing the specimens. Bagasse ash has been partially replaced in the ratio of 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10% by weight. Keywords: Sugarcane bagasse ash, compressive strength, durability, sulfuric acid Cite this Article Rambabu PV, Aditya G, Ramarao GV. Effect of Acidic Environment (H2SO4) on Concrete with Sugarcane Bagasse Ash as Pozzolana. Journal of Energy, Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(1): 25–32p.
Smarter Energy Conversion Systems for Kitchen Waste
Sustainable development holds the key for development of smart cities in coming era. Energy crises and shortage of resources will be major concerns and bottleneck to this development. Newer technologies using renewable energy sources would be vital for such development. Decentralised renewable energy conversion systems for high rise buildings would provide techno-economic, eco-friendly solution to energy crisis. Kitchen waste is common waste generated from any building which has more nuisance value due to its putrecibility. The smarter way of its disposal would be to convert the kitchen waste into energy. Biomethanation is the oldest technology of energy recovery with decentralized biogas plants which emerged in recent past. Researchers are now looking forward towards newer emerging technologies such as microbial fuel cells as a smarter way to utilize kitchen waste which directly converts kitchen waste to electricity. This paper deals with the possibility of use of smarter decentralized systems to convert kitchen waste to energy in future. Keywords: Kitchen waste, smarter decentralized systems, renewable energy Cite this Article Moharir Prachi V, Tembhurkar AR. Smarter Energy Conversion Systems for Kitchen Waste. Journal of Energy, Environment and Carbon Credits. 2016; 6(1): 11–15p.